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COMP2003 - Lecture 3 - Expressions

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15 views

COMP2003 - Lecture 3 - Expressions

Uploaded by

Tsedey bereket
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMP2003

Introduction to
Computer Programming
Lecture 3
Expressions, Type Conversion, and string

Based on slides created by Bjarne Stroustrup & Tony Gaddis

1
Mathematical Expressions

• Can create complex expressions using multiple


mathematical operators
• An expression can be a literal, a variable, or a
mathematical combination of constants and
variables
• Can be used in assignment, cout, other statements:
area = 2 * PI * radius;
cout << "border is: " << 2*(l+w);
Order of Operations

In an expression with more than one operator,


evaluate in this order:
- (unary negation), in order, left to right
* / %, in order, left to right
+ -, in order, left to right
In the expression 2 + 2 * 2 – 2

evaluate
evaluate evaluate third
second first
Order of Operations
Use of Parenthesis to override the order

• parentheses ( ) can be used to override the order of


operations:
2 + 2 * 2 – 2 = 4
(2 + 2) * 2 – 2 = 6
2 + 2 * (2 – 2) = 2
(2 + 2) * (2 – 2) = 0
Grouping with Parentheses
Algebraic Expressions

• Multiplication requires an operator:


Area=lw is written as Area = l * w;
• There is no exponentiation operator:
Area=s2 is written as Area = pow(s, 2);
• Parentheses may be needed to maintain order of operations:
y 2  y1
m is written as
x 2  x1

m = (y2-y1) /(x2-x1);
Algebraic Expressions
Activity 5
• Create a program temperature.cpp to take a Celsius value from user
input and convert it to equivalent Fahrenheit value.

Note: Use the following equation


When You Mix Apples with Oranges: Type
Conversion
• Operations are performed between operands of the same
type.
• If not of the same type, C++ will convert one to be the type
of the other
• This can impact the results of calculations.
Hierarchy of Types

Highest: long double


double
float
unsigned long
long
unsigned int
Lowest: int
Ranked by largest number they can hold
Type Coercion

• Type Coercion: automatic conversion of an operand


to another data type
• Promotion: convert to a higher type
• Demotion: convert to a lower type
Coercion Rules

1) char, short, unsigned short automatically


promoted to int
2) When operating on values of different data types, the
lower one is promoted to the type of the higher one.
3) When using the = operator, the type of expression on right
will be converted to type of variable on left
Overflow and Underflow

• Occurs when assigning a value that is too large (overflow) or


too small (underflow) to be held in a variable
• Variable contains value that is ‘wrapped around’ set of
possible values
• Different systems may display a warning/error message, stop
the program, or continue execution using the incorrect value
Type Casting using static_cast

• Used for manual data type conversion


• Useful for floating point division using ints:
double m;
m = static_cast<double>(variable);
• Useful to see int value of a char variable:
char ch = 'C';
int num = static_cast<int>(ch);
cout << num ;
Type Casting in Program
C-Style and Prestandard Type Cast
Expressions
• C-Style cast: data type name in ()
cout << ch << " is " << (int)ch;
• Prestandard C++ cast: value in ()
cout << ch << " is " << int(ch);
• Both are still supported in C++, although static_cast is
preferred
Multiple Assignment and Combined
Assignment
• The = can be used to assign a value to
multiple variables:

int x, y, z;
x = y = z = 5;

• Value of = is the value that is assigned


Combined Assignment

• Look at the following statement:

sum = sum + 1;

This adds 1 to the variable sum.


Combined Assignment

• The combined assignment operators provide a


shorthand for these types of statements.
• The statement
sum = sum + 1;
is equivalent to
sum += 1;
Formatting Output

• Can control how output displays for numeric, string data:


• size
• position
• number of digits
• Requires iomanip header file
• Used to control how an output field is displayed

• Some affect just the next value displayed:


• setw(x): print in a field at least x spaces wide. Use more spaces if field is
not wide enough
The setw Stream Manipulator
Stream Manipulators

• Some affect values until changed again:


• fixed: use decimal notation for floating-point values
• setprecision(x): when used with fixed, print floating-point
value using x digits after the decimal. Without fixed, print floating-
point value using x significant digits
• showpoint: always print decimal for floating-point values
More Stream Manipulators in Program 3-17

Continued…
More Stream Manipulators in Program 3-17
Activity 6
• Modify your Activity 5 program to display the Fahrenheit value only for 2
decimal places.

Note: Use the following equation


Stream Manipulators
Working with Characters and string Objects

• Using cin with the >> operator to input strings can cause
problems:
• It passes over and ignores any leading whitespace characters
(spaces, tabs, or line breaks)
• To work around this problem, you can use a C++ function
named getline.
Using getline in Program
string Member Functions and Operators

• To find the length of a string:


string state = "Texas";
int size = state.length();
• To concatenate (join) multiple strings:

greeting2 = greeting1 + name1;


greeting1 = greeting1 + name2;

Or using the += combined assignment


operator:
greeting1 += name2;
Thank You!

Q & A Session?

31

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