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Physics Investigatory Project

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Shaikh Shihab
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11 views12 pages

Physics Investigatory Project

Uploaded by

Shaikh Shihab
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Physics Investigatory project

TOPICS COVERED-
1. FORCE
2. ARISTOTLE’S FALLACY
3. THE LAW OF INERTIA AND
4. LINEAR MOMENTUM
5. NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION
6. NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION
7. NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTION
1.1.Force

 Definition of Force- Force may be defined as an agency which changes or tends to change the state
of rest or of uniform motion or the direction of motion of a body
 Effects of Force – A force applied on a body can produce three type of changes:
1. Force can change the speed of an object ,making it move slower or faster. For example, a horse by
exerting a force on a cart, pulls it from rest and subsequently exerting a larger force, the horse
makes the cart move with a larger speed. Similarly, a force exerted by the brakes slows or stops a
moving train.
2. Force can change the direction of motion of an object. For example, the force exerted on the
steering wheel of a car changes the direction of motion.
3. Force can change the shape of an object. For example, if we hold a rubber ball between our palms
and push the two palms against each other, the ball no longer remains bound but get oblong.
1.2 Force

 Absolute unit of force: An absolute unit of force is Newton(N).


 One newton id defined as that much force which produces an acceleration of 1ms/s^2 in a
body of mass 2kg.
 1 N = 1 kg x 1ms/s^2
Forces acting on a body
Work = Force x Displacement
2.Aristotle’s Fallacy

 Aristotelian Law of motion


 The Greek Philosopher Aristotle (384-329B.C) asserted that the natural state of a body is the state of rest. Every body
in motion tends to slow and comes to rest. An external force is necessary to maintain its motion. For example, a cart
on a road has to be constantly pushed to keep it in motion. A single push will not take it far. From such observations
Aristotle concluded the following law:
 According to Aristotelian law of motion, an external force is necessary to keep a body moving with constant
velocity.
 However, Aristotle’s views were proved wrong by Galileo Galleio (1564-1642) about two thousand years later on. It
was observed that external forces were necessary to counter the opposing forces of friction to keep bodies in uniform
motion. If there were no friction, no external force would be needed to maintain the state of uniform motion of a
body.
Aristotle and Galileo
3.1 The Law of Inertia

 Definition of Inertia: The inherent property of a material by virtue of which it cannot


change, by itself, its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line is called inertia.
The term inertia means resistance to change. This term was first used by Galileo.
 Types of inertia:
1. Inertia of rest: The tendency of a body to remain in its position of rest is called inertia of
rest.
For e.g A person standing in a bus falls backward when the bus starts moving forward. When
the bus moves, the lower part of his body begins to move along with the bus while the upper
part of his body continues to remain at rest due to inertia. That’s why, a person falls
backward when the bus starts.
3.2 The law of inertia

2. Inertia of motion: The tendency of a body to remain in its state of uniform motion in a straight line is
called inertia of motion.
For e.g When a moving bus suddenly stops, a person sitting in it falls forward. As the bus stops, the lower
part of his body comes to rest along with the bus while the upper part of his body continues to remain in
motion due to inertia and falls forward.
3.Inertia of Direction: The inability of a body to change by itself its direction of motion is called inertia of
direction.
For e.g When a bus takes a sharp turn, a person sitting in the bus experiences a force acting away from the
centre of the curved path due to his tendency to move in the original direction. He has to hold on to a support
to prevent himself from swaying away in the turning bus.
4.Linear Momentum

 Definition of Momentum: Momentum of a body is the quantity of motion possessed by the body. It is equal
to the product of mass and velocity.
 Momentum=Mass x Velocity
 P = mv
 Momentum is linear quantity because the velocity v is a vector and mass m is a scalar. Its direction is same
as the direction of the velocity of the body. Its magnitude is given by P=mv
 Si unit of momentum= kg ms^-1
 CGS unit of momentum= g cm s^-1
 Dimensional formula of momentum is [MLT^-1]
5.Newton’s First law of Motion

 First law of motion: Every body continues to be in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a
straight line unless it is compelled by some external force to change that state.
 Newton’s first law defines inertia. According to newton’s first law of motion, every body
continues to be in state of rest or uniform motion unless an external force acts upon it. This
shows that a body, by itself, cannot change its state of rest or uniform motion. This inability of a
body to change its state of rest or of uniform motion along a straight line is called inertia of the
body. Thus first law defines inertia and hence it is rightly called the law of law of inertia.
 Therefore Newton’s first law of motion is also known as the law of inertia.
6.Newton’s Second law of Motion

 Second law of motion: The rate of change of linear momentum of a body is directly
proportional to the applied force and the and the change takes place in the direction of the
applied force.

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