CT 122

LECTURE ONE
INTRODUCTION
What is computer?
Structure of computer
Functions of computer
Von-Neumann model
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 Instructor : Dr. Mustafa .H. Mohsini
Office : A13
Assessment : two tests each carries 20 Marks??

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 Introduction
A computer can be defined as a fast electronic
calculating machine that accepts the (data)
digitized input information, process it as per the
list of internally stored instructions and
produces the resulting information.
List of instructions are called programs & internal
storage is called computer memory.
 It accepts data
 Processes the data
 Gives the output in the form of data
 Also it stores data, controls the data movement
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 Introduction …
At the most basic level, a computer is a
device consisting of three pieces:
1. A processor to interpret and execute
programs
2. A memory to store both data and
programs
3. A mechanism for transferring data to and
from the outside world

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 Structure and Function
Structure is the way in which
components relate to each other.
Function is the operation of individual
components as part of the structure.

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 Function
Basic functions that a computer can perform:
Data Processing – the data may take a wide
variety of forms, and the range of processing
requirements is broad.

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 Function cont…
 Data Storage –even if the data come in
and get processed, and results go out
immediately, the computer must
temporarily store data. There is long-
term or short-term temporary storage.
• Files of data are stored on the
computer for subsequent retrieval and
update.

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 Function cont…
Data Movement: computer must be able to
move data between itself and the outside world.
 The computer‘s operating environment
consists of devices that serve as either sources
or destinations of data.
-when the data are received from or delivered
to a device that is directly connected to the
computer, the process is known as
input/output, and the device is referred to as
peripheral.

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 Function cont.…
-when the data are moved over longer distances, to
or from a remote device, the process is known as
data communications.

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 Function cont…
Control –there must be control of these
three functions.
-This control is exercised by the
individuals who provides the computer with
instructions.
- Within the computer, a control unit
manages the computer resources and the
performance of its functional parts in
response to instructions.
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 Functional View Of A Computer

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 Structure
Simplest possible view of a computer:
 Storage
 Processing
 Peripherals
 Communication Lines
 But of greater concern is the internal
structure of the computer.

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 Structure cont.…
Internal Structure of the Computer Itself:
Central Processing Unit (CPU): Controls the
operation of the computer and performs its data
processing functions. Often simply referred to as
processor.
Main Memory: Stores data.
 I/O: Moves data between the computer and its
external environment.
 System Interconnection: Some mechanism
that provides for communication among CPU,
13 main memory, and I/O.
 Structure of computer

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 Structure cont.…
Main Structural components of the CPU:
 Control Unit: Controls the operation of the CPU
and hence the computer.
 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): Performs
the computer's data processing functions.
 Registers: Provides storage internal to the CPU.
 CPU Interconnection: Some mechanism that
provides for communication among the control
unit, ALU, and registers.

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 Structure -CPU

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 Basic characteristics of computer
1. Speed: - As you know computer can work very fast.
It takes only few seconds for calculations that we take
hours to complete. Therefore, we determine the
speed of computer in terms of microsecond (10^-6
part of a second) or nanosecond (10 to the power -9
part of a second).
2. Accuracy: - The degree of accuracy of computer is
very high and every calculation is performed with the
same accuracy. The errors in computer are due to
human and inaccurate data.

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 Basic characteristics of computer cont…
3.Diligence: - A computer is free from tiredness, lack
of concentration, fatigue, etc. It can work for hours
without creating any error. If millions of calculations
are to be performed, a computer will perform every
calculation with the same accuracy. Due to this
capability it overpowers human being in routine type
of work.
4.Versatility:-It means the capacity to perform
completely different type of work. You may use your
computer to prepare payroll slips. Next moment you
may use it for inventory management or to prepare
electric bills.
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 Basic characteristics of computer cont…
5. Power of Remembering: - Computer has the power of
storing any amount of information or data. Any
information can be stored and recalled as long as you
require it, for any numbers of years. It depends entirely
upon you how much data you want to store in a computer
and when to lose or retrieve these data.
6. No IQ: - Computer is a dumb machine and it cannot do
any work without instruction from the user. It performs
the instructions at tremendous speed and with accuracy.
It is you to decide what you want to do and in what
sequence. So a computer cannot take its own decision as
you can.

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 Basic characteristics of computer cont…
7.No Feeling:-It does not have feelings or
emotion, taste, knowledge and experience. Thus it
does not get tired even after long hours of work. It
does not distinguish between users.
8.Storage:-The Computer has an in-built memory
where it can store a large amount of data. You can
also store data in secondary storage devices such
as floppies, which can be kept outside your
computer and can be carried to other computers.

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 Basic operational concepts

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 Basic operational concepts…

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 Basic operational concepts…

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 Computer Evolution
ENIAC: 1943 – 1946
Defined as an Electronic Numerical
Integrator And Calculator.
It was built by J. P. Eckert and John Mauchly
at the Moore School of the University of
Pennsylvania
It was for Trajectory tables for weapons
Used until 1955

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 ENIAC cont….
It consists of 18,000 vacuum tubes, which
make up the computing section of the
machine.
Programming and data entry are performed
by setting switches and changing cables.
There is no concept of a stored program,
and there is no central memory unit, but
these are not serious limitations because all
that the ENIAC needed to do was to compute
ballistic trajectories.
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 ENIAC cont….
The size was three orders of magnitude
bigger than the size of machines built today
Decimal was used (not binary)
Had 20 accumulators of 10 digits
140 kW power consumption.
Even though it did not become operational
until 1946, after the War was over, it was
considered quite a success, and was used for
nine years.
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 THE VONNEUMANN MODEL (1946-1952)
Here the clear picture of the computing
engine into the components were attributed:
Input, Output, Memory, ALU and Control unit
The concept that a single instruction should
be fetched and executed from a common
memory approach was introduced (i.e. one
thing at a time)

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 The Von Neumann Model cont...
The von Neumann model consists of five
major components:
The Input Unit provides instructions and
data to the system, which are subsequently
stored in the Memory Unit.
The instructions and data are processed by
the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) under
the direction of the Control Unit.
The results are sent to the Output Unit.

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 The Von Neumann Model cont...
The ALU and control unit are frequently
referred to collectively as the central
processing unit (CPU).

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 The von Neumann model of a digital
computer.

Thick arrows represent

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 The Von Neumann Model cont.…
Introduces stored Program concept
Main memory storing programs and data
ALU operating on binary data
Control unit interpreting instructions from
memory and executing
Input and output equipment operated by
control unit
Von Neumann was further promoted by
the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS)
Completed 1952

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 The Von Neumann Model cont.…
The stored program is the most
important aspect of the von Neumann
model.
A program is stored in the computer’s
memory along with the data to be
processed.

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 THE SYSTEM BUS MODEL
This model partitions a computer system
into three subunits: CPU, Memory, and
Input/output (I/O).
This refinement of the von Neumann
model combines the ALU and the control
unit into one functional unit, the CPU.
The input and output units are also
combined into a single I/O unit.

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 THE SYSTEM BUS MODEL cont…
Most important to the system bus model, the
communications among the components are by
means of a shared pathway called the system bus.
The system is made up of:
 the data bus (which carries the information
being transmitted),
 the address bus (which identifies where the
information is being sent),
 and the control bus (which describes aspects of
how the information is being sent, and in what
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 THE SYSTEM BUS MODEL cont…
 There is also a power bus for electrical power to
the components, which is not shown, but its
presence is understood.
Some architectures may also have a separate I/O
bus.
Physically, busses are made up of collections of
wires that are grouped by function.
A 32-bit data bus has 32 individual wires, each of
which carries one bit of data.
 In this sense, the system bus is actually a group of
individual busses classified by their function.
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 THE SYSTEM BUS MODEL cont…
The data bus moves data among the system
components.
Some systems have separate data buses for
moving information to and from the CPU, in
which case there is a data-in bus and a
data-out bus.
 More often a single data bus moves data in
either direction, although never both
directions at the same time.
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 THE SYSTEM BUS MODEL cont…
A memory address, or location, identifies a
memory location where data is stored.
During a memory read or write operation
the address bus contains the address of the
memory location where the data is to be
read from or written to.
 Note that the terms “read” and “write” are
with respect to the CPU: the CPU reads data
from memory and writes data into memory.
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 THE SYSTEM BUS MODEL cont…
If data is to be read from memory then
the data bus contains the value read from
that address in memory.
If the data is to be written into memory
then the data bus contains the data value
to be written into memory.

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 THE SYSTEM BUS MODEL cont…
The control bus is somewhat more
complex.
For now the control bus can be thought
of as coordinating access to the data bus
and to the address bus, and directing data
to specific components.

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 The system bus model of a computer
system.

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 Self-Reading Assignment
Read and know the difference between
computer organization and computer
architecture
Understand registers
Study more on data bus, address bus and
control bus and know how they operate

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