ch8 Hardd

Hard Drives
1
Objectives
• Learn how the organization of data on floppy
drives and hard drives is similar
• Learn about hard drive technologies
• Learn how a computer communicates with a
hard drive
• Learn how to install a hard drive
• Learn how to solve hard drive problems
2
Introduction
• Hard drive: most important secondary storage
device
• Hard drive technologies have evolved rapidly
– Hard drive capacities and speeds have increased
– Interfaces with the computer have also changed
• Floppy disk will be presented before hard drives
– Floppy disk is logically organized like a hard drive
• Practical applications:
– Managing problems occurring during drive installation
– Troubleshooting hard drives after installation
3
How Hard Drives Work
• Components of a hard drive:
– One, two, or more platters (disks)
– Spindle to rotate all disks
– Magnetic coating on disk to store bits of data
– Read/write head at the top and bottom of each disk
– Actuator to move read/write head over disk surface
– Hard drive controller: chip directing read/write head
• Head (surface) of platter is not the read/write head
• Physical organization includes a cylinder
– All tracks that are the same distance from disk center
4
5
Figure 8-10 Inside a hard drive case
Figure 8-11 A hard drive
6
with two platters
Tracks and Sectors on the Drive
• Tracks on older drives held the same amount
of data
• Newer drives use zone bit recording
– Tracks near center have smallest number
sectors/track
– Number of sectors increase as tracks grow larger
– Every sector still has 512 bytes
– Sectors identified with logical block addressing
(LBA)
7
Figure 8-14 Zone bit recording can have more sectors
per track as the tracks get 8larger
Low-Level Formatting
• Two formatting levels:
– Low-level: mark tracks and sectors
– High-level: create boot sector, file system, root directory
• Manufacturer currently perform most low-level
formats
– Using the wrong format program could destroy drive
– If necessary, contact manufacturer for format program
• Problem: track and sector markings fade
– Solution for older drives: perform low-level format
– Solution for new drive: backup data and replace drive
• Note: zero-fill utilities do not do low-level formats
9
Hard Drive Interface Standards
• Facilitate communication with the computer
system
• Several standards exist:
– Several ATA standards
– SCSI
– USB
– FireWire (also called 1394)
– Fibre Channel
• The various standards will be covered
10
The ATA Interface Standards
• Specify how drives communicate with PC system
– Drive controller interaction with BIOS, chipset, OS
– Type of connectors used by the drive
– The motherboard or expansion cards
• Developed by Technical Committee T13
• Published by ANSI
• Selection criteria:
– Fastest standard that the motherboard supports
– OS, BIOS, and drive firmware must support standard
11
(continued)
• Parallel ATA
– Allows two connectors for two 40-pin data cables
– Ribbon cables can accommodate one or two drives
• EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Device Electronics)
– Pertains to how secondary storage device works
– Drive follows AT Attachment Packet Interface (ATAPI)
– Four parallel ATA devices can attach with two cables
• Serial ATA (SATA) cabling
– Use a serial data path rather than a parallel data path
– Types of SATA cabling: internal and external
12
Figure 8-16 A PC’s hard drive subsystem using parallel ATA
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Figure 8-18 A hard drive subsystem using the new serial ATA data cable
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(continued)
• DMA (direct memory access) transfer mode
– 7 modes (0 - 6) bypassing CPU in transfer of data
• PIO (Programmed Input/Output) transfer mode
– 5 modes (0 - 4) involving CPU in data transfer
• Independent device timing
– Enables two drives to run at different speed
• ATA/ATAPI-6 (ATA/100) breaks the 137 GB barrier
– Addressable space is 144 petabytes (1.44 x 1017 PB)
– Must have support of board, BIOS, OS, IDE controller
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Figure 8-21 The 137-GB barrier existed because of the size of
the numbers used to address16a sector
(continued)
• Configuring parallel ATA drives
– Each of two IDE connectors supports an IDE channel
– Primary/secondary channels each support two devices
– EIDE devices: hard drive, DVD, CD and Zip drives
– Devices in each channel configured as master/slave
– Designate master/slave: jumpers, DIP switches, cable
• Configuring serial ATA drives
– One ATA cable supports one drive (no master/slave)
• Use an ATA controller card in two circumstances:
– IDE connector not functioning or standard not supported
17
Figure 8-22 A motherboard has two IDE
channels; each can support a master and
slave drive using a single
18 EIDE cable
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Figure 8-25 Rear of a serial ATA drive and a parallel ATA drive
SCSI Technology
• Small Computer System Interface standards
– For system bus to peripheral device communication
– Support either 7 or 15 devices (depends on standard)
– Provide for better performance than ATA standards
• The SCSI subsystem
– SCSI controller types: embedded or host adapter
– Host adapter supports internal and external devices
– Daisy chain: combination of host adapter and devices
– Each device on bus assigned SCSI ID (0 - 15)
– A physical device can embed multiple logical devices
20
Figure 8-28 Using a SCSI bus, a SCSI host adapter can
support internal and external
21 SCSI devices

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Hard Drives

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