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7 e Applied EMCh 2

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24 views83 pages

7 e Applied EMCh 2

Uploaded by

alaayousefmm
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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2.

TRANSMISSION
LINES
7e Applied EM by Ulaby and Ravaioli
Chapter 2 Overview
Transmission Lines
A transmission line connects a generator to a load

Transmission lines include:


• Two parallel wires
• Coaxial cable
• Microstrip line
• Optical fiber
• Waveguide
• etc.
Transmission Line Effects
Is the pair of wires connecting the voltage
source to the RC load a transmission line?
Yes.
The wires were ignored in circuits courses.
Can we always ignore them? Not always.

Delayed by l/c
(2) But if l = 20 km:

At t = 0, and for f = 1 kHz , if:

(1) l = 5 cm:
Dispersion
Types of Transmission Modes
TEM
(Transverse
Electromagnetic)
: Electric and
magnetic fields
are orthogonal to
one another, and
both are
orthogonal to
direction of
propagation
Example of TEM Mode

Electric Field E is radial


Magnetic Field H is azimuthal
Propagation is into the page
Transmission Line Model
Expressions
will be
derived in
later
chapters
Transmission-Line Equations

ac signals: use phasors

Telegrapher’s
equations
Derivation of Wave Equations

attenuation
complex propagation constant
constant
Phase constant
Combining the two equations leads to:

Second-order differential equation


Solution of Wave Equations (cont.)

Proposed form of solution:

Using:

It follows
that:
Solution of Wave Equations (cont.)
In general:

wave along +z because coefficients of t and z have


opposite signs

wave along –z because coefficients of t and z have


the same sign
Example 2-1: Air
Line
Lossless Microstrip Line
Phase velocity in dielectric:

Phase velocity for microstrip:

Quasi-TEM
Microstrip (cont.)
Microstrip (cont.)
Inverse process:
Given Z0, find s

The solution formulas are based on


two numerical fits, defined in terms
of the value of Z0 relative to that
of the effective permittivity.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=4vaZlMmC3zk
Lossless Transmission Line

If

Then:
Voltage Reflection Coefficient

At the load (z = 0):

Reflection
coefficient

Normalized load
impedance
Voltage Reflection Coefficient
Current Reflection Coefficient
Standing Waves

voltage magnitude

current
Standing-Wave Pattern

Voltage magnitude is maximum

2βdmax −θr =2nπ,

When voltage is a maximum,


current is a minimum, and vice
versa
Standing Wave Patterns for 3 Types of Loads
Maxima & Minima

Standing-Wave Pattern
Maxima & Minima (cont.)

S = Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

For a matched load: S = 1

For a short, open, or purely reactive load:


Example 2-6: Measuring ZL with a Slotted Line
Wave Impedance
At a distance d from the load:
Input Impedance

At input, d = l:
Cont.
(cont.)

Cont.
(cont.)
Short-Circuited Line

For the short-circuited line:

At its input, the line appears like


an inductor or a capacitor
depending on the sign of
Open-Circuited Line
Short-Circuit/Open-Circuit Method
 For a line of known length l, measurements of its
input impedance, one when terminated in a short
and another when terminated in an open, can be
used to find its characteristic impedance Z0 and
electrical length
Instantaneous Power Flow
Average Power
Tech Brief 3: Standing Waves in Microwave Oven

The stirrer or rotation


of the food platform
is used to constantly
change the standing
wave pattern in the
oven cavity
Tech Brief 3: Role of Frequency
At low frequencies,
absorption rate is small,
so it would take a long
time for the food to cook

At very high
frequencies, the food
cooks fast, but only its
the surface layer
The Smith Chart
 Developed in 1939 by P. W.
Smith as a graphical tool to
analyze and design
transmission-line circuits
 Today, it is used to
characterize the
performance of microwave
circuits
Complex Plane
Smith Chart Parametric Equations

Equation for a
circle
Smith Chart Parametric Equations

rL circles

rL circles are contained inside the unit circle

xL circles
Only parts of the xL circles are contained
within the unit circle
Complete Smith Chart

Positive xL Circles

rL Circles

Negative xL Circles
Complete Smith Chart
Reflection coefficient at the load
Input Impedance
Maxima and Minima
Impedance to Admittance Transformation
(a)

(b)
(c)

(d)

(e)
yin = 1.15+j1.7
Yin = yin Y0 = 0.023+j0.034 S
Given:
S=3
Z0 = 50 Ω
first voltage min @ 5 cm from load
Distance between adjacent minima = 20 cm

Determine: ZL
Matching Networks
Examples of Matching Networks
Lumped-Element Matching
Choose d and Ys to achieve a match at MM’
Cont.
Single-Stub Matching
Transients

Rectangular pulse is equivalent to the sum of two


step functions
Transient Response
Initial current and voltage

Reflection at the load

Load reflection coefficient

Second transient

Generator reflection coefficient


Voltage Wave

T = l/up is the time it takes the wave to


travel the full length of the line
Current Wave
Reflection coefficient for current is the
negative of that for voltage
Steady State Response
Bounce Diagrams
Technology Brief 4: EM Cancer Zapper
Technology Brief 4: High Voltage Pulses
Summary

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