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Matrices Part 4

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13 views26 pages

Matrices Part 4

Uploaded by

alaayousefmm
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Linear Algebra: Matrices and

Vectors – Part 4

By Dr. Samer Awad


Assistant professor of biomedical engineering
The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
[email protected]
June 9, 2024 :Last update
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Cramer’s Rule for Linear


Systems of Two Equations

D1

D2
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Cramer’s Rule for Linear


Systems of Two Equations

D D1

D D2
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Cramer’s Rule for Linear


Systems of Two Equations
D D1

D D2
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Example 1: Cramer’s Rule for


Linear Systems of Two Equations
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Example 2: Cramer’s Rule for


Linear Systems of Two Equations
• Homework: solve this previous Gauss Elimination
example using Cramer’s Rule:

• back substitution now yields


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Cramer’s Rule for Linear


Systems of Three Equations
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Cramer’s Rule for Linear


Systems of n Equations
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Cramer’s Rule for Linear


Systems of n Equations

• This last rule will be used in Eigenvalues problems


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Inverse of a Matrix.
Gauss–Jordan Elimination
• For a matrix to have an inverse, it has to be a
square matrix.
• The inverse of an n x n matrix, is denoted by A-1
which is also an n x n matrix:

• If A has an inverse, then A is called a non-singular


(or invertible) matrix. Otherwise it is called singular.
• If A has an inverse then the inverse is unique.
• A has an inverse iff rank(A) = n.
• A has an inverse iff det(A) ≠ 0.
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Example: Finding Inverse of a Matrix


by Gauss–Jordan Elimination
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Example: Finding Inverse of a Matrix


by Gauss–Jordan Elimination
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Example: Finding Inverse of a Matrix


by Gauss–Jordan Elimination
• Up to here is Gauss elimination. In the next slide we
perform Gauss-Jordan steps, reducing
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Example: Finding Inverse of a Matrix


by Gauss–Jordan Elimination
• Gauss-Jordan steps: reducing
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Example: Finding Inverse of a Matrix


by Gauss–Jordan Elimination
• Gauss-Jordan steps: reducing
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Example: Finding Inverse of a Matrix


by Gauss–Jordan Elimination
• Gauss-Jordan steps: reducing
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Example: Finding Inverse of a Matrix


by Gauss–Jordan Elimination
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Formulas for Inverses


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Example: Formulas for Inverses

Here checkerboard:
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Example: Formulas for Inverses


• Find the inverse of:
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Example: Inverse of Diagonal


Matrices
• A diagonal matrix has an inverse if ajj≠0

• A-1 is also diagonal with entries ,


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Properties of Matrix Operations


• (AC)-1 = C-1 A-1
• (AC … PQ)-1 = Q-1 P-1 … C-1 A-1
• Matrix multiplication is NOT commutative: AB ≠ BA
• AB = 0, does not generally imply that A = 0 or B = 0 or
BA = 0
•
•
• AC = AD, does not imply that C = D even when A ≠ 0
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Properties of Matrix Operations


Let A, B, C be n x n matrices then:
• If rank(A) = n and AB = AC then B = C
Proof: A-1 exists, A-1AB = A-1AC  B = C
• If rank(A) = n and AB = 0 implies that B = 0.
Proof: A-1 exists, A-1AB = A-10  B = 0
• Hence, if AB = 0, but A ≠ 0 & B ≠ 0 then rank(A) < n
and rank(B) < n
Proof: if rank(A) = n  A-1 exists  A-1AB = A-10  B = 0
also if rank(B) = n  B-1 exists  ABB-1 = 0B-1  A = 0
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Properties of Matrix Operations


Let A, B, C be n x n matrices then:
• If A is singular  BA and AB are singular
Proof: see textbook
For any n x n matrices A and B
• det (AB) = det (BA) = det A det B.
Proof: see textbook
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Example: Solving Systems of Linear


Equations Using Matrix Inverse

Ax=b
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Example: Solving Systems of Linear


Equations Using Matrix Inverse
Ax=b

Multiply by inverse:
A-1 A x = A-1 b  x = A-1 b

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