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Unit 5 Lecture 2

Bio statistics lecture

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kousar parveen
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32 views26 pages

Unit 5 Lecture 2

Bio statistics lecture

Uploaded by

kousar parveen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Normal Distribution

Kousar Perveen
MSN,MBA.BSN
Normal Distribution
• Normal Distribution - Bell-shaped continuous
distribution widely used in statistical inference
• Sampling Distributions - Distributions corresponding
to sample statistics (such as mean and proportion)
computed from random samples
Normal Distribution
• Bell-shaped, symmetric family of distributions
• Classified by 2 parameters: Mean () and standard
deviation (). These represent location and spread
• Random variables that are approximately normal have
the following properties wrt individual measurements:
– Approximately half (50%) fall above (and below) mean
– Approximately 68% fall within 1 standard deviation of mean
– Approximately 95% fall within 2 standard deviations of mean
– Virtually all fall within 3 standard deviations of mean
• Notation when Y is normally distributed with mean 
and standard deviation  :
Y ~ N ( , )
Characteristics of
normal distribution
• Symmetric, bell-shaped curve.
• Shape of curve depends on population
mean  and standard deviation .
• Center of distribution is the mean .
• Spread determined by standard deviation .
• Most values fall around the mean, but some
values are smaller and some are larger.
Normal Distribution

P (Y   )  0.50 P (     Y     )  0.68 P (   2  Y    2 )  0.95


Parameters μ and σ
• Normal pdfs have two parameters
μ - expected value (mean “mu”)
σ - standard deviation (sigma)

μ controls location σ controls spread

7: Normal Probability Distributions 9


Mean and Standard Deviation of
Normal Density

μ
7: Normal Probability Distributions 10
68-95-99.7 Rule for
Normal Distributions
• 68% of the AUC within ±1σ of μ
• 95% of the AUC within ±2σ of μ
• 99.7% of the AUC within ±3σ of μ

7: Normal Probability Distributions 11


Symmetry in the Tails
Because the Normal
curve is symmetrical
and the total AUC is
exactly 1…

… we can easily
determine the AUC in
95%
tails
7: Normal Probability Distributions 12
Example: 68-95-99.7 Rule
Wechsler adult • 68% of scores within
intelligence scores: μ±σ
Normally distributed with = 100 ± 15
μ = 100 and σ = 15; X ~ = 85 to 115
N(100, 15) • 95% of scores within
μ ± 2σ
= 100 ± (2)(15)
= 70 to 130
• 99.7% of scores in
μ ± 3σ =
100 ± (3)(15)
= 55 to 145
7: Normal Probability Distributions 13
Finding Probabilities of Specific
Ranges
• Step 1 - Identify the normal distribution of interest (e.g.
its mean () and standard deviation () )
• Step 2 - Identify the range of values that you wish to
determine the probability of observing (YL , YU), where
often the upper or lower bounds are  or -
• Step 3 - Transform YL and YU into Z-values:
YL   YU  
ZL  ZU 
 
• Step 4 - Obtain P(ZL Z  ZU) from Z-table
Example - Adult Female Heights
• What is the probability a randomly selected female is
5’10” or taller (70 inches)?
• Step 1 - Y ~ N(63.7 , 2.5)
• Step 2 - YL = 70.0 YU = 
• Step 3 - 70.0  63.7
ZL   2.52 ZU  
2. 5
• Step 4 - P(Y  70) = P(Z  2.52) = .0059 (  1/170)

z .00 .01 .02 .03


2.4 .0082 .0080 .0078 .0075
2.5 .0062 .0060 .0059 .0057
2.6 .0047 .0045 .0044 .0043
Step 1: State the Problem
• What percentage of gestations are less
than 40 weeks?
• Let X ≡ gestational length
• We know from prior research:
X ~ N(39, 2) weeks
• Pr(X ≤ 40) = ?

7: Normal Probability Distributions 22


Step 2: Standardize
• Standard Normal
variable ≡ “Z” ≡ a
Normal random variable
with μ = 0 and σ = 1,
• Z ~ N(0,1)
• Use Table B to look up
cumulative
probabilities for Z

7: Normal Probability Distributions 23


Example: A Z variable of
1.96 has cumulative
probability 0.9750.

7: Normal Probability Distributions 24


Step 2 (cont.)
Turn value into z score:
x
z

z-score = no. of σ-units above (positive z) or below
(negative z) distribution mean μ

For example, the value 40 from X ~ N (39,2) has


40  39
z  0.5
2
7: Normal Probability Distributions 25
Steps 3 & 4: Sketch & Table B
3. Sketch
4. Use Table B to lookup Pr(Z ≤ 0.5) = 0.6915

7: Normal Probability Distributions 26

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