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High tension source

 Thepower obtained from the

main supply is not enough to
produce x-ray. Therefore , a
device is required to meet the
need of the x-ray tube which is
high tension source

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 Cont…
 the anode of the tube requires a large voltage
supply to maintain a high positive charge for
acceleration of the electrons.
 Commercial power is commonly available as 110
volts, 220, or 440 volts. X-ray systems require
very high voltages commonly in the range from 5
kilovolts (Kv) to as much as 400 Kv or more

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 Cont….
 So how can we supply low voltage to the filament,
and high voltage to the anode? This is accomplished
by using a transformer.
 A transformer will allow us to supply the proper
voltages to the filament and anode.
 Transformer is required to achieve x-
ray production

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 What is a transformer?
 Transformers are electromagnetic devices that allow
a voltage of alternating current to be changed; the
voltage may be increased or decreased.
 A transformer is a device that has no moving parts
and that transfers energy from one circuit to another
by electromagnetic induction. The energy is
always transferred without a change in frequency,
but usually with changes in voltage and current


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 Types of transformers

 Transformers can be classified into two

according to the purpose of transformation
for which they are employed
 Two common types of transformers which
are of importance to x-ray generation are
– step-up
– step-down.

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 Cont…

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 step-up transformer
 A step-up transformer receives electrical energy at
one voltage and delivers it at a higher voltage
 a constant-voltage transformer so connected that the
delivered voltage greater than the supplied voltage.
 The voltage coming from the autotransformer next
passes through the step-up transformer, where it is
dramatically increased. The ultimate voltage coming
from the step-up transformer is roughly a thousand
times more than the entering voltage

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 step-down transformer

 A step-down transformer receives energy at

one voltage and delivers at a lower voltage
 transformer is one so connected that the
delivered voltage is less than that supplied.
 The step-down transformer reduces the
incoming voltage to about 10 volts, which
results in a current of 4-5 amps flowing
through the filament.
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 Cont…

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 Law of Transformers

1.The voltage in the two circuits is proportional

to the number of turns in the two coils.

Np = VP Np-No of turns in primary coil

Ns Vs Ns-No of turns in secondary coil
VP –Voltage in primary circuit
Vs – Voltage in secondary circuit

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 Cont…

2.An increase in voltage must be accompanied

by a correspondingly large decrease in
current
3.The product of voltage and current in the two
circuits must be equal.

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 The Turns Ratio

 The high voltage source which drive

electrons fast across the x-ray tube is a
transformer called High tension Generator. It
transforms the voltage of main supply up to
the thousands of volts required to operate
the x-ray tube.
 The transformer provides voltages from
20,000-150, 000 volts.

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 Cont…

 In step-up transformer, there are many turns

in its secondary windings than in its primary
windings
 In step-down transformer, there are many
turns in its primary windings than in its
secondary windings

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 Cont…
 Transformers are comprised of two sets of
windings (coiled conductors) that are
electrically isolated from each other.
 One set of windings is connected to a power
supply and is known as the primaries.
 The other set of windings is connected to a
load (in this case the x-ray tube) and is
referred to as the secondary windings.

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 Cont…
 The principle operation of a transformer is
based on induction.
 when you pass current through a conductor,
a magnetic field is established in and around
the conductor. This magnetic field can be
used to induce a voltage and current flows in
a conductive material that is placed close by.

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 Cont…

 A transformer consists of two wire coils

wound around the opposite side of an iron
ring.

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 THE CORE

 The core of high tension generators is

rectangular in shape.
 The core is laminates. It is made of then
separate sheets insulted from each other

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 Cont…
 The purpose of lamination is to reduce eddy current
in the core.
 Layer of insulting varnish is used for insulation.
 Eddy currents are currents induced in the core by the
changing magnetic field of the transformer windings.
 Eddy currents are appeared as heat in the core of a
transformer and they are wasteful of power.

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 Cont…

 The core is made of special irons alloys like

silicon iron, nickel iron and these help to
reduce eddy currents.
 The core of high tension transformer is
earthed.

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 Cont…

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 THE WINDINGS
 The transformer has two windings. These are
 Primary windings.
 Secondary windings.
 Two windings are differ in length & thickness
 The primary winding consists of fewer turns of
thicker wire.
 The secondary winding consists of many more turns
of very thin wire.

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 Oil immersion
 The high tension transformer is oil immersed
in an earthed metal tank.
 The oil is there to insulate the transformer
and to cool it because when it operates, it
becomes warm because of the power it
consumes.
 In small x-ray units, the insulation may take
the form of a plastic dip instead of the oil.

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 Transformer Losses
 Ideal transformers VS Real transformer
 Transformer has two sorts of circuits These
are:
– The electrical circuits- These are the windings
– The magnetic circuits- These are the core.

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 Cont…

 The power losses which occur in a

transformer are divided into two
– losses in the electrical circuits, that is in the
windings
– Losses in the magnetic circuits, that is in the core.

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 Losses in the windings
 Power losses occur both in primary and secondary
windings because the windings have resistance.
 Power losses as heat when current flows against this
resistance. These power losses are called copper
losses.
 Copper losses are kept as small as possible by
choosing materials for the windings with low specific
resistance and by paying attention on the length and
thickness of the windings.

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 Cont…
 When the transformer is doing work, electric current
flows through both its windings. This current is called
load current and the transformer is on the load.
 Copper loss in a transformer is proportional to the
square of the current.
 In each windings, the copper loss in watts equal I2R
 The total copper lost is I12R1 + I22R2.

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 Losses in the Core

 The power lose which arise in the iron core of

a transformer is called Iron lose. They arise
through the magnetization of the core
 Hysteresis
 Eddy current

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 Transformer Regulation

 Percentage regulation = nvl-FLV x 100,

FLV
where: Nvl= No voltage load
Flv= Full load voltage

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 Transformer efficiency

 In ideal transformer, the power input and

output are equal.
 In practical transformer, a power input is
some what greater than the power output

Efficiency = power output in watts x 100

Power input in watts

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 Cont…

 If a transformer is 100% efficient, the power

produced in the secondary coil should equal
the power input of the primary coil.
 In practice, the efficiency is closer to 98%
due to eddy currents.

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 Cont…
 Highest efficiency is obtained in very large
transformer and the lowest in very small
transformer.
 Transformer Rating
 The highest kilovoltage (no load) which the
transformer can provide.
 The maximum current which the transference
can give a continuous running.
 The maximum current for a period not
exceeding 1sec

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 THANK YOU
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