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HDFSArchitecture

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17 views15 pages

HDFSArchitecture

Uploaded by

abdfajar
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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HDFS Architecture

Gregory Kesden, CSE-291 (Storage Systems) Fall 2017

Based Upon: http://hadoop.apache.org/docs/r3.0.0-alpha1/hadoop-project-


dist/hadoop-hdfs/HdfsDesign.html
Assumptions
• At scale, hardware failure is the norm, not the exception
• Continued availability via quick detection and work-around, and eventual automatic
rull recovery is key
• Applications stream data for batch processing
• Not designed for random access, editing, interactive use, etc
• Emphasis is on throughput, not latency
• Large data sets
• Tens of millions of files many terabytes per instance
Assumptions, continued
• Simple Coherency Model = Lower overhead, higher throughput
• Write Once, Read Many (WORM)
• Gets rid of most concurrency control and resulting need for slow, blocking coordination
• “Moving computation is cheaper than moving data”
• The data is huge, the network is relatively slow, and the computation per unit of data is small.
• Moving (Migration) may not be necessary – mostly just placement of computation
• Portability, even across heterogeneous infrastructure
• At scale, things can be different, fundamentally, or as updates roll-out
Overall Architecture
NameNode
• Master-slave architecture
• 1x NameNode (coordinator)
• Manages name space, coordinates for clients
• Directory lookups and changes
• Block to DataNode mappings
• Files are composed of blocks
• Blocks are stored by DataNodes
• Note: User data never comes to or from a NameNode.
• The NameNode just coordinates
DataNode
• Many DataNodes (participants)
• One per node in the cluster. Represent the node to the NameNode
• Manage storage attached to node
• Handles read(), write() requests, etc for clients
• Store blocks as per NameNode
• Create and Delete blocks, Replicate Blocks
Namespace
• Hierarchical name space
• Directories, subdirectories, and files
• Managed by NameNode
• Maybe not needed, but low overhead
• Files are huge and processed in entirety
• Name to block lookups are rare
• Remember, model is streaming of large files for processing
• Throughput, not latency, is optimized
Access Model
• (Just to be really clear)
• Read anywhere
• Streaming is in parallel across blocks across DataNodes
• Write only at end (append)
• Delete whole file (rare)
• No edit/random write, etc
Replication
• Blocks are replicated by default
• Blocks are all same size (except tail)
• Fault tolerance
• Opportunities for parallelism
• NameNode managed replication
• Based upon heartbeats, block reports (per dataNode report of available blocks), and
replication factor for file (per file metadata)
Replication
Location Awareness
• Site + 3-Tier Model is default
Replica Placement and Selection
• Assume bandwidth within rack greater than outside of rack
• Default placement
• 2 nodes on same rack, one different rack (Beyond 3? Random, below replicas/rack
limit)
• Fault tolerance, parallelism, lower network overhead than spreading farther
• Read from closest replica (rack, site, global)
Filesystem Metadata Persistence
• EditLog keeps all metadata changes.
• Stored in local host FS
• FSImage keeps all FS metadata
• Also stored in local host FS
• FSImage kept in memory for use
• Periodically (time interval, operation count), merges in changes and checkpoints
• Can truncate EditLog via checkpoint
• Multiple copies of files can be kept for robustness
• Kept in sync
• Slows down, but okay given infrequency of metadata changes.
Failure of DataNodes
• Disk Failure, Node Failure, Partitioning
• Detect via heartbeats (long delay, by default), blockmaps, etc
• Re-Replicate
• Corruption
• Detectable by client via checksums
• Client can determine what to do (nothing is an option)
• Metadata
Datablocks, Staging
• Data blocks are large to minimize overhead for large files
• Staging
• Initial creation and writes are cached locally and delayed, request goes to
NameNode when 1st chunk is full.
• Local caching is intended to support use of memory hierarchy and throughput
needed for streaming. Don’t want to block for remote end.
• Replication is from replica to replica, “Replication pipeline”
• Maximizes client’s ability to stream

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