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Week 7 Momemtum and Collisions

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24 views32 pages

Week 7 Momemtum and Collisions

Uploaded by

taiwoothniel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MOMENTUM AND COLLISIONS

By Allu Ayobami
WHAT IS LINEAR MOMENTUM?

• The linear momentum of a particle or an object that can


be modeled as a particle of mass m moving with a velocity
v is defined to be the product of the mass and velocity:
• p=mv
• We will usually refer to this as “momentum”, omitting
the “linear”.
• Momentum is a VECTOR quantity.
LINEAR MOMENTUM
• The dimensions of momentum are ML/T
• The SI units of momentum are kg · m / s
• Momentum can be expressed in component form:
px = m v x py = m v y pz = m v z
NEWTON AND MOMENTUM

• Newton called the product mv the quantity of motion of the particle


• Newton’s Second Law can be used to relate the momentum of a
particle to the resultant force acting on it

dv d  mv  dp
 F  ma  m  
dt dt dt

with constant mass.


NOTE

• The total momentum of a system of objects is the vector sum of the


momentums of all the individual objects
• Due to the vector nature of momentum, it is possible for a system of several
moving objects to have a total momentum that is positive, negative, or zero.
REMEMBER NEWTON’S SECOND LAW

• The time rate of change of the linear momentum of a


particle is equal to the net force acting on the particle
• This is the form in which Newton presented the Second Law.
• It is a more general form than the one we used previously.
• This form also allows for mass changes.
• Applications to systems of particles are particularly
powerful (we did this already)
EXAMPLE

• Which has more linear momentum?


a) a 1500 kg car moving at 25.0 m/s or
b) a 40,000 kg truck moving at 1.00 m/s?

• Two identical 1500 kg cars are moving perpendicular to each other. One moves with
a speed of 25.0 m/s due north and the other moves at 15.0 m/s due east. What is
the total linear momentum of the system?

Hint: find the resultant momentum.


EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
CONSERVATION OF LINEAR
MOMENTUM

If the net external force acting on a system of bodies is zero, then the
momentum of the system remains constant.

The law of conservation of momentum states that when two objects collide in
an isolated system, the total momentum before and after the collision
remains equal. This is because the momentum lost by one object is equal to the
momentum gained by the other. In other words, if no external force is acting on a
system, its net momentum gets conserved.
CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

• Two bodies of mass M and m are moving in opposite directions with the
velocities v. If they collide and move together after the collision, we have to
find the velocity of the system.
• Since there is no external force acting on the system of two bodies, momentum
will be conserved.
• Initial momentum = Final momentum
• (Mv – mv) = (M+m)VFinal
NOTE

We have to remember that the momentum of the system is conserved and not that
of the individual particles. The momentum of the individual bodies in the system
might increase or decrease according to the situation, but the momentum of the
system will always be conserved, as long as there is no external net force acting
on it.

Only external forces can change a system's momentum. Internal forces have no effect
on a system's momentum. Why is this so? Internal forces, like all forces, always occur
in action-reaction pairs
EXAMPLE
ANSWER
IMPULSE
IMPULSE IS CHANGE IN MOMENTUM
NOTE

• Impulse is a vector quantity


• The magnitude of the impulse is equal to the area under the force-time curve
• Dimensions of impulse are M L / T
• Impulse is not a property of the particle, but a measure of the change in
momentum of the particle
EXAMPLE
ANSWER
EXAMPLE
ANSWER
COLLISION
COLLISION

Collision occurs when two objects come in direct contact with each other. It is the
situation in which two or more bodies exert forces on each other in about a
relatively short time.
COLLISION

• We use the term collision to represent an event during which two


particles come close to each other and interact by means of forces
• The time interval during which the velocity changes from its initial to
final values is assumed to be short
• The interaction force is assumed to be much greater than any external
forces present.
• Collisions may be the result of direct contact
• The impulsive forces may vary in time in complicated ways
• This force is internal to the system
• Momentum is conserved.
TYPES OF COLLISION

• Elastic collision
• Inelastic collision
ELASTIC COLLISON

A state where there is no net loss in kinetic energy in the system as the result of the
collision is called an elastic collision.

• The total kinetic energy is conserved.


• Momentum does not change.
• No conversion of energy takes place.
• Highly unlikely in the real world as there is almost always a change in energy.
• An example of this can be swinging balls or a spacecraft flying near a planet but
not getting affected by its gravity in the end.
INELASTIC COLLISION

A type of collision where this is a loss of kinetic energy is called an inelastic collision. The
lost kinetic energy is transformed into thermal energy, sound energy, and material
deformation.

• The total kinetic energy of the bodies at the beginning and the end of the collision is
different.
• Momentum does not change.
• Kinetic energy is changed into other energy such as sound or heat energy.
• This is the normal form of collision in the real world.
• An example of an inelastic collision can be the collision of two cars.
PERFECTLY ELASTIC COLLISION

• Momentum and kinetic energy are conserved


• Perfectly elastic collisions occur on a microscopic level.
• In macroscopic collisions, only approximately elastic collisions actually
occur.
PERFECTLY INELASTIC COLLISION

• kinetic energy is not conserved although momentum is still conserved.


• If the objects stick together after the collision, it is a perfectly inelastic
collision
EXAMPLE

A 10.0-g bullet is fired into a stationary block of wood (m = 5.00 kg). The relative
motion of the bullet stops inside the block. The speed of the bullet-plus-wood
combination immediately after the collision is 0.600 m/s. What was the original
speed of the bullet?
THANK YOU

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