Romania

From tribe to kingdom

By Radulescu Tudor

 Romanization Process Romania after Romanization The foundation of the medieval Romanian states

Romanization Process
The Romanization process began in 106 A.D when the Roman Emperor Trajan conquered the capital city of Sarmizegetusa from the last Dacian king Decebalus The result of Romanization process was the population known as daco - romans, people who inherited the Latin language, religion and the roman culture The Aurelian Retreat (271) is a key event in the romanization procces when Emperor Aurelian retreats the army and administration of the roman province south of the Danube due to a crisis and constant raids of the gothic tribes

Romania after Romanization

Gothic tribes dominated or settled in a part of the present day Romania, while the Roman Empire continued to exist south of the Danube. Goths were expelled by the Huns, a nomadic people who came from the steppes of Asia. The western Dacia was part of Western Hun Empire until the death of Attila (453). Gepids, germanic tribe have taken the place of the Huns, until they were embedded in the Pannonian Basin Avars Khanate. Avars, a Turkish people related to the Huns, came into Europe in the sixth century (562 567). They settled in Pannonia, where they sought to expand temporarily to the east and west. In The Avar Khanate of Pannonia came other tribes : Lombards and Slavs, who were also built into the Khanate. Lombards in Pannonia did not stay long, heading to Italy, where they created the kingdom of Lombardy. Slavs attended with to their predatory campaigns south of the Danube, and after Khanate ceased to exist because of pressure from the East Franks, Slavs occupied territories of the old Khanate. Both western Dacia and south of the Danube, the Slavs were mixed during the DacoRomans in coexistence with them. Thus the Romanian language gradually transformed proto-Romanian. The migration time, after most Roman cities were destroyed by barbarians Dacian, Daco-Romans were organized in village communities, appointed by the Romanian history of peoples popular and neighboring Vlahs, a name by which they differed from Slavs, and left place names as Vlachs, Vlasin, Vlahina.

In the tenth century there were small parties in the present territory of Romania and the Republic of Moldova, vassal of Bulgarian Czar. Then there appeard new states to break the power of the Bulgarian Czar north of the Danube: Hungarians, established around 896 in Pannonia, where they spread to the boarder of Apuseni Mountains and Transylvania, and Kyiv principality trying to reach the mouth of the Danube and Black Sea. According to legendary chronicles Hungarorum Gesta, one of the six leaders of the Hungarian tribes, Tuhutum, conquered the region of the Apuseni Mountains east of Gelu, keeping it for his followers. in Bihor, Menumorut has accepted the suzerainty of Hungarians. In 1002 / 3, Gyula (Gyla / Jula) Tuhutum's successor, rebelled against the Hungarian King Stephen I of Hungary, but was defeated and his principality came under the suzerainty of the Kingdom of Hungary, maintaining that form of organization principality.. At 800, the Pechenegs turanian tribe, settled in the area between the Bug and Danube. With them came and onogurs and other turanic tribes. The Cumans appear around 1000, related to the Pechenegs. They occupy southern Kyiv principality and territory of present Moldova and Wallachia northeast. Pechenegs and Cumans organized south of the Danube war campaigns the small principalities of Romania adapted to the new situation and become the vassal of the new powers. These formations prefeudal were generally called "countries": in Transylvania and Banat: Country Oas, Marmaiei Country,, Bihor Country,, Zarand Country, Moldova: Country Strineului, Onu Country, Country Bolohovenilor Country Dornei Moldavia Country Soroca in Oltenia and Wallachia: Severin Country, Country Lovite, Gilort Country, Country Jaleul, Lotrului Country, Country Cmpulung Litva Country, land of the Vlachs, Country Muscelului ... Name some of their leaders have been preserved: in Dobrogea: Demetrius, George, Tatos, Bags, Sestlav. in Transylvania (legendary): Gelu, Menumorut (in Bihar), Gyula; Kean. in Banat (legendary): Glad; Ahtum; Chanadin (Chanadinus). in Wallachia: Mielav; Seneslau, Black Prince (legendary), Basarab I.

The foundation of the medieval Romanian states

Formation of Transylvania Somewhere in the second half of the twelfth century, Transylvania is recognized as an autonomous principality, vassal of the Hungarian kingdom, but with its own institutions, all the time begins with Szkely and Saxon colonization. The states was divided in several counties (County Maramures, OasLand, Barsa, Hateg County, etc.). The state existed as a vassal of Hungary until 1526, when it became independent. In 1765, the Principality has been raised to the rank of Grand Principality, and in 1867 was included in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

 Map of Romanian states during the IX to XIII centuries

 State of Timioara Glad and Ahtum are probably legendary leaders, but the fact that the of Timisoara wasnt a province but a state, is pruved by counties wich, shows the initial benefits of local autonomy just like other states of the Hungarian kingdom, which are ailined along the southern borders of it. To convert Timisoara, Romanian and Serbian to Catholicism Hungarian kings decided upon a construction of a Benedictine monastery in Morisena county

Formation of Dobrogea in the 10th century two states leader : George and Demetrios declared their independece and raised from the Bulgarian dominatuon In 1072, Byzantine emperor Nicephorus sends General Botaneiates to punish the rebels in Dobrogea. In 1325, Balica, a lord form Dobrogea, declares its independence, forming the RomanianBulgarian Principality of Kavarna, which stretched from the sea and to Silistra and from Macin Mountains to Burgas, including cities Hrova, Constanta, Varna and Mesembria. Principality was in a struggle with the Bulgarians, Byzantines, Turks and Tartars, therefore not only survived until 1388, when the South was conquered by the Turks and the north entered into Romanian Country.

Formation of the Romanian Country In 1241, the Tartars destroyed and Mielav and Bezerenbam's provinces. Six years later, in 1247, are mentioned in the document called Kinghts degree of St. John" by the Hungarian king the Dukes Litovoi (probably son of Bezerenbam) and Seneslau (probably the one that survived the Tartar invasion) and princes John and Farcas. The process of setting up the Romanian Country medieval state was held in 2 stages. First phase: 1277-1279, with the death of Seneslau,when Litovoi, Duke of Oltenia, takes Seneslau principality and principalities of John and Farcas, refusing to give tribute to the Hungarians, but is killed in battle, and his brother Man (is the who tries principalities unification), but is taken prisoner. For his redemption was paid a sum of money, which demonstrates the economic development of the State.Basarab I, grandson of Man, is considered temeietorul Country Romanes, as is joining almost all formations of Oltenia and Wallachia and refuses to Hungarians pay tribute. Basarab I freed the Moldavia region renamed to Basarabia and anexed it to the Romanian Country. Basarab I is mentioned in historical sources as a "great prince AND Duke .However Dominion over Banat by Severin, Basarab I brought in conflict with the Hungarian Crown. In 1330, the decisive battle took place when the king of Hungary, Charles Robert of Anjou starts from Timisoara a campaign against Basarab, reacging Severin and then reaching the Court of Arges. On the way home in a mountain pass called Posada, (exact location was not identified) Hungarian army was surrounded and defeated by the Romanian army. Charles Robert of Hungary fled disguised as a servant of clothes-its. The second stage of this process was conducted under Basarab I's descendants: Nicholas Alexander (1352-1364), who founded the first Orthodox church of the Romanian Country, based in the Court of Arges (1359) and Vladislav Vlaicu (1364-1377) who created the office of Dukes, beat their own currency and established a second-based Orthodox church in Severin. In connection with the formation of Wallachia, historic tradition speaks of the foundation of the Black Prince, prince of Fagaras. The third stage of the state consolidation 1352-1364 Nicole Alexander took the title of "only Sovereign" (independent), has created a the unifited church of romania i.Agresivity came from theCountries in 1364-1377 came from catholicity because. Vladislav Vlaicu flirted with Catholicism to normalize the situation with hungarians .1368 agreed with the Hungarian king, he was a vassal receiving Banat, Severin and Fagaras.

 Formation of Moldova In 1324, Phintia of Mende, a noble of the Kingdom of Hungary, lead a campaign against the Tartars in moldavia but fails and In 1345, Louis I of Hungary, together with some of the nobility in Transylvania, restarted the campaign against the Tartars defeating them and secured protection of further invasions .The king leaves behind one of the participants, Dragos, Duke of Maramures, to make the defense for Hungary. Fourteen years later, in 1359, another Duke of Maramures, Bogdan crossed the Carpathians and it drives the followers of Dragos, creating independent medieval state of Moldova.

Thank you for attention !