Chapter 2 (Part I)

Accounting Cycle for Services

Business

2-1
 PREVIEW OF CHAPTER 2 (Part I)

2-2
 CHAPTER

2 The Recording Process

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

1. Explain what an account is and how it helps in the recording process.

2. Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business
transactions.
3. Identify the basic steps in the recording process.
4. Explain what a journal is and how it helps in the recording process.
5. Explain what a ledger is and how it helps in the recording process.
6. Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.
7. Prepare a trial balance and explain its purposes.
2-3
 The Account
Learning
Objective 1  Record of increases and decreases in
Explain what an a specific asset, liability, stockholders’
account is and equity, revenue, or expense item.
how it helps in
the recording  Debit = “Left”
process.
 Credit = “Right”

Account Name
An account can Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
be illustrated in a
T-account form.

2-4 LO 1
 Debits and Credits
Learning
DEBIT AND CREDIT PROCEDURES Objective 2
Define debits and
credits and
Double-entry system explain their use
in recording
 Each transaction must affect two or more business
transactions.
accounts to keep the basic accounting
equation in balance.
 Recording done by debiting at least one account and
crediting at least one other account.
 DEBITS must equal CREDITS.

2-5 LO 2
 Debits and Credits

If the sum of Debit entries are greater than the sum of

Credit entries, the account will have a debit balance.

Account Name
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.

Transaction #1 $10,000 $3,000 Transaction #2

Transaction #3 8,000

Balance $15,000

2-6 LO 2
 Debits and Credits

If the sum of Credit entries are greater than the sum of

Debit entries, the account will have a credit balance.

Account Name
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.

Transaction #1 $10,000 $3,000 Transaction #2

8,000 Transaction #3

Balance $1,000

2-7 LO 2
 Debits and Credits

Assets  Assets - Debits should exceed

Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
credits.
 Liabilities – Credits should
Normal Balance
exceed debits.
 Normal balance is on the
Chapter
3-23

increase side.
Liabilities
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.

Normal Balance

Chapter
3-24

2-8 LO 2
 Debits and Credits

Equity  Issuance of share capital and

Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
revenues increase equity (credit).
 Dividends and expenses decrease
Normal Balance
equity (debit).
Chapter
3-25

Share Capital-Ordinary Retained Earnings Dividends

Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr. Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr. Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.

Normal Balance Normal Balance Normal Balance

Chapter Chapter Chapter

3-25 3-25 3-23

2-9 LO 2
 Debits and Credits

Revenues  The purpose of earning revenues

Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
is to benefit the shareholders.
 The effect of debits and credits on
Normal Balance
revenue accounts is the same as
Chapter
3-26 their effect on equity.
 Expenses have the opposite
Expenses
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
effect: expenses decrease equity.

Normal Balance

Chapter
3-27

2-10 LO 2
 Debits and Credits
Liabilities
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal
Normal Normal
Normal
Balance
Balance Balance
Balance
Debit
Debit Credit
Credit Normal Balance

Assets Chapter
3-24

Equity
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.

Normal Balance
Normal Balance

Chapter
3-23

Expenses Chapter
3-25
Revenues
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.

Normal Balance
Normal Balance

Chapter
3-27 Chapter
3-26

2-11
LO 2
 Summary of Debit/Credit Rules

Statement of
Financial Position Income Statement
Asset = Liability + Equity Revenue - Expense

Debit

Credit

2-12 LO 2
 Summary of Debit/Credit Rules

Question
Debits:

a. increase both assets and liabilities.

b. decrease both assets and liabilities.

c. increase assets and decrease liabilities.

d. decrease assets and increase liabilities.

2-13 LO 2
 Summary of Debit/Credit Rules

Question
Accounts that normally have debit balances are:

a. assets, expenses, and revenues.

b. assets, expenses, and equity.

c. assets, liabilities, and dividends.

d. assets, dividends, and expenses.

2-14 LO 2
 Equity
Relationships

Illustration 2-11
Equity relationships

2-15 LO 2
 Summary of Debit/Credit Rules

Relationship among the assets, liabilities, and equity of a

business:
Illustration 2-12
Summary of debit/credit rules

The equation must be in balance after every transaction.

Total Debits must equal total Credits.

2-16 LO 2
 The Account
Learning
Business documents, such as a sales Objective 3
Identify the basic
receipt, a check, or a bill, provide evidence steps in the
of the transaction. recording
process.

Analyze each transaction Enter transaction in a journal Transfer journal information to

ledger accounts
Illustration 2-13
The recording process

2-17 LO 3
 Steps in the Recording Process
Learning
The Journal Objective 4
Explain what a
journal is and
 Book of original entry. how it helps in
the recording
 Transactions recorded in chronological process.

order.
 Contributions to the recording process:
1. Discloses the complete effects of a transaction.

2. Provides a chronological record of transactions.

3. Helps to prevent or locate errors because the debit

and credit amounts can be easily compared.
2-18 LO 4
 The Journal

JOURNALIZING - Entering transaction data in the journal.

Illustration: On September 1, shareholders invested €15,000 cash
in the corporation in exchange for ordinary shares, and Softbyte
purchased computer equipment for €7,000 cash.
Illustration 2-14

GENERAL JOURNAL
Date Account Title Ref. Debit Credit
Sept. 1 Cash 15,000
Share Capital—Ordinary 15,000

Equipment 7,000
Cash 7,000
2-19 LO 4
 The Journal

SIMPLE AND COMPOUND ENTRIES

Illustration: On July 1, Tsai Company purchases a delivery truck
costing NT$420,000. It pays NT$240,000 cash now and agrees to
pay the remaining NT$180,000 on account. Illustration 2-15
Compound journal entry

GENERAL JOURNAL
Date Account Title Ref. Debit Credit
July 1 Equipment 420,000
Cash 240,000
Accounts Payable 180,000

2-20 LO 4
 Steps in the Recording Process
Learning
The Ledger Objective 5
Explain what a
ledger is and
 General Ledger contains all the asset, how it helps in
liability, and equity accounts. the recording
process.

Illustration 2-16
The general ledger
2-21 LO 5
 The Ledger

STANDARD FORM OF ACCOUNT Illustration 2-17

Three-column form
of account

2-22 LO 5
 Posting
Learning
Objective 6
Explain what
posting is and
how it helps in
the recording
process.

Transferring
journal entries
to the ledger
accounts.

Illustration 2-18
Posting a journal
entry

2-23 LO 6
 Posting

Question
Posting:
a. normally occurs before journalizing.
b. transfers ledger transaction data to the journal.
c. is an optional step in the recording process.
d. transfers journal entries to ledger accounts.

2-24 LO 6
Illustration 2-19
Chart of accounts for Yazici Advertising A.S¸ .

2-25 LO 6
 The Recording Process Illustrated

Follow these steps:

1. Determine what
type of account is
involved.
2. Determine what
items increased or
decreased and by
how much.
3. Translate the
increases and
decreases into
debits and credits.
Illustration 2-20
Investment of cash
by shareholders

2-26 LO 6
 Illustration 2-21
2-27 Purchase of office equipment LO 6
 Illustration 2-22
Receipt of cash
for future service

2-28 LO 6
2-29 Illustration 2-23
Payment of monthly rent LO 6
 Illustration 2-24
Payment for
insurance

2-30 LO 6
2-31 Illustration 2-25
Purchase of supplies on credit LO 6
 The Recording Process Illustrated

Illustration 2-26
Hiring of employees

2-32 LO 6
 Illustration 2-27
2-33 Declaration and payment of dividend LO 6
 Illustration 2-28
2-34
Payment of salaries LO 6
2-35 Illustration 2-29
Receipt of cash for services performed LO 6
 Illustration 2-31
General ledger
2-36 LO 6
 The Trial Balance
Learning
A trial balance Objective 7
Prepare a trial
balance and
 is a list of accounts and their balances explain its
at a given time. purposes.

 proves the mathematical equality of debits and credits

after posting.

The steps for preparing a trial balance are:

1. List the account titles and their balances.
2. Total the debit and credit columns.
3. Prove the equality of the two columns.

2-37 LO 7
 Trial Balance
Illustration 2-32
A trial balance

2-38 LO 7
 Limitations of a Trial Balance

Trial balance may balance even when:

1. A transaction is not journalized.
2. A correct journal entry is not posted.
3. A journal entry is posted twice.
4. Incorrect accounts are used in journalizing or posting.
5. Offsetting errors are made in recording the amount of a
transaction.

2-39 LO 7
 Currency Signs and Underlining

Currency Signs
 Do not appear in journals or ledgers.
 Typically used only in the trial balance and the financial
statements.
 Shown only for the first item in the column and for the total
of that column.

Underlining
 A single line is placed under the column of figures to be
added or subtracted.
 Totals are double-underlined.
2-40 LO 7
 A Look at U.S. GAAP Learning
Objective 8
Compare the
Key Points procedures for the
accounting process
● Both the IASB and FASB go beyond the basic under IFRS and U.S.
definitions provided in this textbook for the key GAAP.
elements of financial statements, that is, assets, liabilities, equity, revenues,
and expenses.
● In deciding whether the United States should adopt IFRS, some of the issues
the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) said should be
considered are:
♦ Whether IFRS is sufficiently developed and consistent in application.
♦ Whether the IASB is sufficiently independent.
♦ Whether IFRS is established for the benefit of investors.
♦ The issues involved in educating investors about IFRS.
♦ The impact of a switch to IFRS on U.S. laws and regulations.
♦ The impact on companies including changes to their accounting systems,
contractual arrangements, corporate governance, and litigation.
♦ The issues involved in educating accountants, so they can prepare
statements under IFRS.
2-41 LO 8
 A Look at U.S. GAAP
Similarities
● A trial balance under GAAP follows the same format as shown in the
textbook.
● As shown in the textbook, currency signs are typically used only in the trial
balance and the financial statements. The same practice is followed under
GAAP, using the U.S. dollar.
Differences
● In the United States, equity is often referred to as either shareholders’
equity or stockholders’ equity, and Share Capital—Ordinary is referred to
as Common Stock. The statement of financial position is often called the
balance sheet in the United States.
● Rules for accounting for specific events sometimes differ across countries.
For example, IFRS companies rely less on historical cost and more on fair
value than U.S. companies. Despite the differences, the double-entry
accounting system is the basis of accounting systems worldwide.
2-42 LO 8
 A Look at U.S. GAAP
Looking to the Future
The basic recording process shown in this textbook is followed by companies
across the globe. It is unlikely to change in the future. The definitional
structure of assets, liabilities, equity, revenues, and expenses may change
over time as the IASB and FASB evaluate their overall conceptual framework
for establishing accounting standards.

2-43 LO 8
 A Look at U.S. GAAP
A Look at IFRS
IFRS Self-Test Questions
Which statement is correct regarding GAAP?
a) GAAP reverses the rules of debits and credits, that is,
debits are on the right and credits are on the left.
b) GAAP uses the same process for recording transactions as
IFRS.
c) The chart of accounts under GAAP is different because
revenues follow assets.
d) None of the above statements are correct.

2-44 LO 8
 A Look at U.S. GAAP
A Look at IFRS
IFRS Self-Test Questions
A trial balance:
a) is the same under GAAP and IFRS.
b) proves that transactions are recorded correctly.
c) proves that all transactions have been recorded.
d) will not balance if a correct journal entry is posted twice.

2-45 LO 8
 A Look at U.S. GAAP
A Look at IFRS
IFRS Self-Test Questions
One difference between GAAP and IFRS is that:
a) IFRS uses accrual-accounting concepts, and GAAP uses
primarily the cash basis of accounting.
b) GAAP uses a different posting process than IFRS.
c) IFRS uses more fair value measurements than GAAP.
d) the limitations of a trial balance are different between GAAP
and IFRS.

2-46 LO 8