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Fluid Flow

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Jaspa Abongbi
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29 views

Fluid Flow

Uploaded by

Jaspa Abongbi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FLUID FLOW.

Presented by
PHM/22/5678
PHM/22/5682
PHM/22/5841
PHM/22/5605
PHM/22/5770
• This is an important aspect in pharmacy as many
pharmaceutical processes ivolves fluids, many
pharmaceutical products are fluids and many
raw materials for production are fluids.
• A fluid is a substance that can flow by its ability
to deform under applied shear stress and takes
the shape of its container.
Properties of fluids.
1. 1)Viscosity : the measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. Fluids with high
viscosity like honey flow slowly while fluids with low viscosity like water
flow easily.
2. 2)Compressibility : refers to the ability to change volume under pressure .
Fluids are incompressible, however gases which are fluids are compressible.
3. 3)Surface tension : a property of fluids that arises due to cohesive forces
between the liquid molecules at the surface. It causes the liquid surface to
behave like a stretched elastic sheet minimising its surface area (reason why
insects can stand on water surface).
4. 4)Temperature : temperature changes can cause expansion or contraction
of a fluid, affecting its density and volume.
Examples of some fluids used in
pharmaceutical preparations include;
• -Solvents : used to dissolve or solubilize active pharmaceutical
ingredients eg water, ethanol, glycerin, oils, etc.
• -Suspensions : water, vegetable oils, mineral oils, glycerin ,etc.
• -Emulsions : emulsions include oil in water or water in oil.
• -Injectable fluids : saline, isotonic preparations.
• -Gases : oxygen, nitrogen, carbondioxide.
• -Coating solutions : used to coat tablets, capsules.
Fluid statics and fluid dynamics.
Fluid statics deals with fluids at rest in equilibrium(hydrostatics). In a
fluid at rest the pressure is the same at all points within the fluid
regardless the shape of the container (Pascal’s principle).
Fluid dynamics deals with fluids in motion. Involves fluid flow in pipes,
channels, etc.
Fluid flow.
Refers to movement of a fluid from one location to another. Can be
classified as viscous or laminar and turbulent.
• Turbulent : a type of fluid motion characterized by chaotic, irregular,
fluctuations in velocity.
• Laminar : a type of fluid motion characterized by parallel movements
in velocity.
• The Reynold’s Number(Re).
• It is a dimensionless parameter used in fluid mechanics to
characterize the flow regime of a fluid .
• Calculated by ; Re = p*v*l/u where p = density
• v = velocity
• l = length
• u = viscosity
• For laminar flow Re < 2000 and for turbulent flow Re > 4000.
• Bernouli’s Theorem .
• It is based on the principle of conservation of energy applied to fluid
flow. It states that “in a steady state, the total energy per unit mass
consists of pressure, kinetic and potential energies are constants”
• Energy loss.
• Fluids experience loss in energy in several ways while flowing
through pipes. They include;
• -frictional losses
• -enlargement losses
• -contraction losses
Manometers.
• It refers to a device used to measure the pressure of a fluid. Some are;
• Differential, inclined, simple and digital manometers.
• Pipes.
• A pipe is a tubular section or hollow cylinder usually but not necessarily of circular cross
section used mainly to convey substances that can flow.
• Pumps.
• A mechanical device using suction or pressure to raise or move liquids, compress gases, etc.
• Pumps used to transport or pressurize gases are called compressors, blowers, or fans.
• There are basically 3 types of pumps ;
• -positive-displacement.
• -centrifugal.
• -axial flow.
• Centrifugal pumps are the most common type since they are suitable for handling water and
relatively easy to manufacture.
FLUID FLOW CONTROL.
• The chief purpose of flow control is to ensure that fluids move
through a system at the desired rate to attain optimal performance
and efficiency. It can be accomplished by passive devices which
require no energy and active devices which require energy. Valves are
the most common devices used for fluid flow control.
Devices used to measure flow rate.
Orifice meter.
Venturi meter.
Differences between orifice meter and
venturi meter.
Orifice meter Venturi meter
• -cheap • Expensive
• -easy to install • Highly technical fabrication
• -more flexible • Less flexible
• -power losses are more • Power losses are less
Pharmaceutical
importance of fluid flow.
1) Manufacturing processes.
2) Filtration and separation.
3) Fluidized bed systems.
4) Transport and distribution.
5) Drug delivery system.

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