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Lab 08

SQL

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19 views15 pages

Lab 08

SQL

Uploaded by

melaibaabbas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Database Systems Lab

IT[244]
Lab #:08

FACULTY OF CS & IT

UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT
Adding Constraints?
– Constraints enforce rules at the table level.
– The following constraint types are valid in
Oracle:
• NOT NULL
• UNIQUE
• PRIMARY KEY
• FOREIGN KEY
• CHECK
Constraint Guidelines
– Name a constraint or the Oracle Server
will generate a name by using the SYS_Cn
format.
– Create a constraint:
• At the same time as the table is created
• After the table has been created
– Define a constraint at the column or table
level.
Naming Conventions
– Must begin with a letter
– Can be 1–30 characters long
– Must contain only A–Z, a–z, 0–9, _, $, and
#
– Must not duplicate the name of another
object owned by the same user
– Must not be an Oracle Server reserved
word
The DEFAULT Option
– Specify a default value for a column during an
insert.

…… ename
ename VARCHAR(20)
VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT
DEFAULT ‘ABC’,
‘ABC’, ……
The NOT NULL Constraint
• Defined at the column level

SQL> CREATE TABLE employee(


2 empno NUMBER(4),
3 ename VARCHAR2(10) NOT NULL,
4 job VARCHAR2(9),
5 mgr NUMBER(4),
6 hiredate DATE,
7 sal NUMBER(7,2),
8 comm NUMBER(7,2),
9 deptno NUMBER(7,2) NOT NULL);
The NOT NULL Constraint
• Add to the existing column

SQL> ALTER TABLE employee MODIFY


2 empno NUMBER(4) constraint emp_cons
3 NOT NULL
The NOT NULL Constraint
• Dropping the constraint

SQL> ALTER TABLE employee DROP


2 constraint emp_cons
The PRIMARY KEY Constraint
• Defined at either the table level or the column level

SQL> CREATE TABLE department(


2 deptno NUMBER(2),
3 dname VARCHAR2(14),
4 loc VARCHAR2(13),
5 CONSTRAINT dept_dname_uk UNIQUE (dname),
6 CONSTRAINT dept_deptno_pk PRIMARY KEY(deptno));
The FOREIGN KEY Constraint
• Defined at either the table level or the column
level
SQL> CREATE TABLE employee(
2 empno NUMBER(4),
3 ename VARCHAR2(10) NOT NULL,
4 job VARCHAR2(9),
5 mgr NUMBER(4),
6 hiredate DATE,
7 sal NUMBER(7,2),
8 comm NUMBER(7,2),
9 deptno NUMBER(7,2) NOT NULL,
10 CONSTRAINT emp_deptno_fk FOREIGN KEY (deptno)
11 REFERENCES dept (deptno));
The CHECK Constraint

– Defines a condition that each row must satisfy


– Expressions that are not allowed:

..., deptno NUMBER(2),


CONSTRAINT emp_deptno_ck
CHECK (DEPTNO BETWEEN 10 AND 99),...
Adding a Constraint
• Add a FOREIGN KEY constraint to the EMP
table indicating that a manager must already
exist as a valid employee in the EMP table.

SQL> ALTER TABLE employee


2 ADD CONSTRAINT emp_mgr_fk
3 FOREIGN KEY(mgr) REFERENCES employee(empno);
Table altered.
Dropping a Constraint
– Remove the manager constraint from the
EMP table.
SQL>
SQL> ALTER
ALTER TABLE
TABLE employee
employee
22 DROP
DROP CONSTRAINT
CONSTRAINT emp_mgr_fk;
emp_mgr_fk;
Table
Table altered.
altered.
• Remove the PRIMARY KEY constraint on the DEPT table and drop
the associated FOREIGN KEY constraint on the EMP.DEPTNO
column.

SQL>
SQL> ALTER
ALTER TABLE
TABLE department
department
22 DROP
DROP PRIMARY
PRIMARY KEY
KEY CASCADE;
CASCADE;
Table
Table altered.
altered.

The CASCADE option of the DROP clause causes any dependent constraints
also to be dropped.
Disabling Constraints
– Execute the DISABLE clause of the ALTER
TABLE statement to deactivate an integrity
constraint.
– Apply the CASCADE option to disable
dependent integrity constraints.
SQL>
SQL> ALTER
ALTER TABLE
TABLE employee
employee
22 DISABLE
DISABLE CONSTRAINT
CONSTRAINT emp_empno_pk
emp_empno_pk CASCADE;
CASCADE;
Table
Table altered.
altered.
Enabling Constraints
– Activate an integrity constraint currently
disabled in the table definition by using the
ENABLE clause.
SQL>
SQL> ALTER
ALTER TABLE
TABLE employee
employee
22 ENABLE
ENABLE CONSTRAINT
CONSTRAINT emp_empno_pk;
emp_empno_pk;
Table
Table altered.
altered.

– A UNIQUE or PRIMARY KEY index is


automatically created if you enable a
UNIQUE key or PRIMARY KEY constraint.

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