CELL

1. study of plants- botany

2. study of animals - zoology.

CELL IS OF TWO TYPES:-

a). prokaryotic cells b).eukaryotic cells
 CELL
• cell is the basic structural and functional unit of a living organism. According to cell theory postulates, a cell is the basic
building block of life, which makes anything alive and is self-sufficient to carry out all the fundamental functions of an
organism.
• Cell was discovered by robert hook in 1655.
• ANTON VON LEEOHOEK first to see cell in his microscope.
• In 1883, Robert Brown, a Scottish botanist, provided the very first insights into the cell structure. He was able to describe
the nucleus present in the cells of orchids.
• smallest cell is known as mycoplasma gallisepticam
• largest cell is ostrich egg.
• longest cell is nervous cell.
• some organisms are unicellular and some are multicellular.
• all cells conatain majourly nucleic acid.
• Human’s smallest cell sperm
• HUMAN’s largest cell female ovum.
CELL THEORY
• Schleiden and Schwann first proposed the cell theory, which Rudolf Virchow later modified. Cell theory is based on three
guiding principles:
• Every living thing consists of one or more cells.
• Cells are the primary functional and structural component of all life.
• Every cell develops from a preceding cell.

• Why is cell theory important?

• Understanding how cells form, grow, and die enables us to comprehend how all living beings function. With this
knowledge, we may better understand how life first emerges, why organisms adopt particular forms, how cancer spreads,
how to treat various diseases, and more.
CELL STRUCTURE
• The cell structure comprises individual components with specific
functions essential to carry out life’s processes. These components
include- cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell
organelles. Read on to explore more insights on cell structure and
function.
CELL MEMBRANE
• The plasma membrane is also termed as a Cell
Membrane or Cytoplasmic Membrane. It is a
selectively permeable membrane of the cells, which
is composed of a lipid bilayer and proteins.

• The plasma membrane is present both in plant and

animal cells. It functions as the selectively
permeable membrane, by permitting the entry of
selective materials in and out of the cell according
to the requirement. In an animal cell, the cell
membrane functions by providing shape and
protects the inner contents of the cell. Based on the
structure of the plasma membrane, it is regarded as
the fluid mosaic model. According to the fluid
mosaic model, the plasma membranes are
subcellular structures, made of a lipid bilayer in
which the protein molecules are embedded.
NUCLEUS
• The nucleus is a double-membraned organelle found in all eukaryotic cells.
• It is the largest organelle, which functions as the control centre of the cellular activities and is the storehouse of the
cell’s DNA. By structure, the nucleus is dark, round, surrounded by a nuclear membrane. It is a porous membrane
(like cell membrane) and forms a wall between cytoplasm and nucleus.
• nuclear membrane is formed by lipoproteins and contains nucleoplasm.
• Within the nucleus, there are tiny spherical bodies called nucleolus. It also carries an essential structure called
chromosomes. it was discovered by fontana in 1781. it contains 10% RNA, 5% DNA and 85% PROTEINS.
• Chromosomes are thin and thread-like structures which carry another important structure called a gene. Genes are a
hereditary unit in organisms i.e., it helps in the inheritance of traits from one generation (parents) to another
(offspring). Hence, the nucleus controls the characters and functions of cells in our body.
• The primary function of the nucleus is to monitor cellular activities including metabolism and growth by making use
of DNA’s genetic information. Nucleoli in the nucleus are responsible for the synthesis of protein and RNA.
• It was discovered in 1831 by robert brown.
DNA
• TWO TYPES:- PURINE- ADENINE AND GUANINE
• PYRAMIDINE- THYMIN AND CYTOCYNE

CHROMATIN
THREAD LIKE STRUCTURE
CONATINS 23 PAIRS TOTAL 46 CHROMOSOMES
POINT OF ATTACHMENT CALLED CENTROMERE
CALLED AS VEHICLE OF HEREDITY
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• The Endoplasmic Reticulum is a network of membranous canals filled with fluid.
They are the transport system of the cell, involved in transporting materials
throughout the cell.
• There are two different types of Endoplasmic Reticulum:
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum – They are composed of cisternae, tubules, and
vesicles, which are found throughout the cell and are involved in protein
manufacture.
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum – They are the storage organelle, associated with
the production of lipids, steroids, and also responsible for detoxifying the cell.
• It was discovered by garnior in 1897.
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Function:
• Smooth ER is responsible for the synthesis of essential lipids such as phospholipids
and cholesterol.
• It is also responsible for the metabolism of carbohydrates.
• The smooth ER store and releases calcium ions. These are quite important for the
nervous system and muscular systems.
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Function:
• The majority of the functions of rough ER is associated with protein synthesis.
• The rough endoplasmic reticulum also plays a vital role in protein folding
• The second most important function after protein synthesis and protein folding is
protein sorting.
CYTOPLASM
• The cytoplasm is present both in plant and animal
cells.
• They are jelly-like substances, found between the
cell membrane and nucleus.
• They are mainly composed of water, organic and
inorganic compounds. The cytoplasm is one of the
essential components of the cell, where all the cell
organelles are embedded.
• These cell organelles contain enzymes, mainly
responsible for controlling all metabolic activity
taking place within the cell and are the site for
most of the chemical reactions within a cell.
LYSOSOMES
• A tiny, circular-shaped, single membrane-bound
organelles, filled with digestive enzymes.
• Helps in the digestion and removes wastes and
digests dead and damaged cells. Therefore, it is
also called as the “suicidal bags”.
• It was discovered by D.Dube in 1955.
• It contains 50 hydrolytic enzymes.
MITOCHONDRIA
• It was discovered by altman in 1890. and nammed by
Benda in 1897.
• Mitochondria are called the powerhouses of the cell as
they produce energy-rich molecules for the cell. The
mitochondrial genome is inherited maternally in several
organisms. It is a double membrane-bound, sausage-
shaped organelle, found in almost all eukaryotic cells.
• The double membranes divide its lumen into two distinct
aqueous compartments. The inner compartment is called
a ‘matrix’ which is folded into cristae whereas the outer
membrane forms a continuous boundary with the
cytoplasm. They usually vary in their size and are found
either round or oval in shape. Mitochondria are the sites
of aerobic respiration in the cell, produces energy in the
form of ATP and helps in the transformation of the
molecules.
• For instance, glucose is converted into adenosine
triphosphate – ATP. Mitochondria have their own circular
DNA, RNA molecules, ribosomes (the 70s), and a few
other molecules that help in protein synthesis.
Ribosomes
• It was discovered by Palade in 1955.
• Ribosomes are non membrane-bound and important cytoplasmic
organelles found in close association with the endoplasmic
reticulum.
• Ribosomes are found in the form of tiny particles in a large number
of cells and are mainly composed of 2/3rd of RNA and 1/3rd of
protein.
• They are named as the 70s (found in prokaryotes) or 80s (found in
eukaryotes) The letter S refers to the density and the size, known as
Svedberg’s Unit. Both 70S and 80S ribosomes are composed of two
subunits.
• Ribosomes are either encompassed within the endoplasmic
reticulum or are freely traced in the cell’s cytoplasm. Ribosomal
RNA and Ribosomal proteins are the two components that
together constitute ribosomes. The primary function of the
ribosomes includes protein synthesis in all living cells that ensure
the survival of the cell.
Golgi Apparatus
• It was discovered by Camileo Golgi in 1898.
• Golgi Apparatus is also termed as Golgi Complex.
• It is a membrane-bound organelle, which is mainly
composed of a series of flattened, stacked pouches called
cisternae.
• This cell organelle is primarily responsible for
transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and
lipids to targeted destinations. Golgi Apparatus is found
within the cytoplasm of a cell and is present in both plant
and animal cells.
• it also calles AS TRAFFIC POLICE of cell.
• it also forms acrosome.
CENTROSOMES
• It was discovered by Bowri in 1888.
• The centrosome organelle is made up of two
mutually perpendicular structures known as
centrioles.
• Each centriole is composed of 9 equally spaced
peripheral fibrils of tubulin protein, and the fibril is
a set of interlinked triplets.
• The core part of the centriole is known as a hub
and is proteinaceous. The hub connects the
peripheral fibrils via radial spoke, which is made up
of proteins.
• The centrioles from the basal bodies of the cilia
and flagella give rise to spindle fibres during cell
division.
PLASTIDS
• Plastids are double-membrane organelles which are found in the cells of plants and
algae. Plastids are responsible for manufacturing and storing of food. These often
contain pigments that are used in photosynthesis and different types of pigments that
can change the colour of the cell.
• Chloroplasts are biconvex shaped, semi-porous, double membraned, cell organelle
found within the mesophyll of the plant cell. They are the sites for synthesizing food by
the process of photosynthesis.
• Chromoplasts is the name given to an area for all the pigments to be kept and
synthesized in the plant. These can be usually found in flowering plants, ageing leaves
and fruits. Chloroplasts convert into chromoplasts. Chromoplasts have carotenoid
pigments that allow different colours that you see in leaves and fruits. The main reason
for its different colour is for attracting pollinators.
• Leucoplasts
• These are the non-pigmented organelles which are colourless. Leucoplasts are usually
found in most of the non-photosynthetic parts of the plant like roots. They act as a
storage sheds for starches, lipids, and proteins depending on the need of the plants.
They are mostly used for converting amino acids and fatty acids.
• Leucoplasts are of two types:
• Amyloplasts – Amyloplasts are greatest among all three and they store and synthesize
starch.
• Proteinoplasts – Proteinoplasts help in storing the proteins that a plant needs and can
be typically found in seeds.
CAROTENOIDS