Quantum Computing

Name :- Sakshi Kumari

Class Roll No. :- 41
Roll No. :- 214596
Registration No. :- 20BZVGCS041/20
 Overview
• What is Quantum Computing?
• What is Quantum?
• History of Quantum Computing
• How a Quantum Computer Would Work?
• What can a quantum computer do that a classical computer can’t?
• What is required to build a quantum computer?
• Challenges To Quantum Computing
• If It’s So Complex, Why Is Everyone After Quantum Computing?
 What Is “Quantum”?

• A classical binary bit is always in one of two states—0 or 1—while a

quantum bit or qubit exists in both of its possible states at once, a
condition known as a superposition.
• An operation on a qubit thus exploits its quantum weirdness by allowing
many computations to be performed in parallel.
• A two-qubit system would perform the operation on 4 values, a three-
qubit system on 8 and so forth.
 What Is “Quantum”?
• Many quantum algorithms are non-deterministic; they find many different
solutions in parallel, only one of which can be measured, so they provide
the correct solution with only a certain known probability.
• Running the calculation several times will increase the chances of finding
the correct answer but also may reduce quantum computing's speed
advantage.
What Is “Quantum”?
 History of Quantum Computing

• Quantum computing tends to trace its roots back to a 1959 speech by

Richard P. Feynman in which he spoke about the idea of exploiting quantum
effects to create more powerful computers.
• This speech is also generally considered the starting point of nanotechnology.
• In 1984, David Deutsch was at a computation theory conference and began to
wonder about the possibility of designing a computer that was based exclusively
on quantum rules, then published his breakthrough paper a few months later.
• With this, the race began to exploit his idea.
 History of Quantum Computing
• In 1994, AT&T's Peter Shor devised an algorithm that could use only 6 qubits to
perform some basic factorizations ... more cubits the more complex the numbers
requiring factorization became, of course.
• The first, a 2-qubit quantum computer in 1998, could perform trivial calculations
before losing decoherence after a few nanoseconds.
• In 2000, teams successfully built both a 4-qubit and a 7-qubit quantum computer.
• Research on the subject is still very active, although some physicists and engineers
express concerns over the difficulties involved in upscaling these experiments to
full-scale computing systems.
How a Quantum Computer Would Work?
• A quantum computer, would store information as either a 1, 0, or a
quantum superposition of the two states. Such a “quantum bit,” called a
qubit, allows for far greater flexibility than the binary system.
• Specifically, a quantum computer would be able to perform calculations
on a far greater order of magnitude than traditional computers a concept
which has serious concerns and applications in the realm of cryptography
& encryption.
• A quantum computer, on the other hand, could factor the numbers in a
reasonable period of time
 What can a quantum computer do that a
classical computer can't?
• Factoring large numbers, for starters.
• Multiplying two large numbers is easy for any computer.
• But calculating the factors of a very large (say, 500-digit) number, on the
other hand, is considered impossible for any classical computer.
• In 1994, a mathematician from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(MIT) Peter Shor, who was working at AT&T at the time, unveiled that if
a fully working quantum computer was available, it could factor large
numbers easily.
 What is required to build a quantum
computer?
• We need qubits that behave the way we want them to.
• These qubits could be made of photons, atoms, electrons, molecules or
perhaps something else.
• Scientists at IQC are researching a large array of them as potential bases
for quantum computers.
• But qubits are notoriously tricky to manipulate, since any disturbance
causes them to fall out of their quantum state (or "decohere").
 Challenges To Quantum Computing
Decoherence
• One of the biggest challenges is to remove quantum decoherence.
• Decoherence in a layman's language could be understood as the loss of
information to the environment. The decoherence of the qubits occurs
when the system interacts with the surrounding in a thermodynamically
irreversible manner.
• So, the system needs to be carefully isolated. Freezing the qubits is one of
the ways to prevent decoherence.
 Challenges To Quantum Computing
Interference
• During the computation phase of a quantum calculation, the slightest
disturbance in a quantum system (say a stray photon or wave of EM radiation)
causes the quantum computation to collapse, a process known as de-coherence.
• A quantum computer must be totally isolated from all external interference
during the computation phase.
• Some success has been achieved with the use of qubits in intense magnetic
fields, with the use of ions.
 If It's So Complex, Why Is Everyone After
Quantum Computing?
• A fully functional quantum computer would require around a million atoms. And right
now, we are at a mere thousand.
• But, what would happen if we reach that limit or even its half?
• Genome sequencing or Tracking weather patterns.
• Second, the modern day encryption systems are entirely based on the limitations of
the regular computers.
• Quantum computing won't be of changing your lives in day to day operations, but a
quantum communication network would definitely provide a better and secure
network.