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Signal Flow Graph

This document provides an overview of signal flow graphs which are an alternative method to block diagrams for analyzing control systems. It defines key concepts like nodes, branches, forward paths and loops. Rules for drawing SFGs are presented along with examples of setting up and solving equations from SFGs. Mason's gain formula for determining overall transfer functions from SFGs is also described.

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Mwindjou Mhoumadi
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14 views61 pages

Signal Flow Graph

This document provides an overview of signal flow graphs which are an alternative method to block diagrams for analyzing control systems. It defines key concepts like nodes, branches, forward paths and loops. Rules for drawing SFGs are presented along with examples of setting up and solving equations from SFGs. Mason's gain formula for determining overall transfer functions from SFGs is also described.

Uploaded by

Mwindjou Mhoumadi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Course Code / Name: BEE2043/ Control Systems

Signal Flow Graph

Lecturer Name: Kasipandian Kasirajan


Faculty : Engineering and Built
Environment
University :MAHSA
Session : April2020

MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering &


Built Environment
SIGNAL FLOW GRAPH(SFG)

Block diagram reduction is the excellent method for


determining the transfer function of the control system.
However, in a complicated system, it is very difficult and
time-consuming process that is why an alternate method, i.e.,
SFG was developed by S.J Mason which relates the input and
output system variables graphically.
Signal flow graph of control system is further simplification
of block diagram of control system.
• Here, the blocks of transfer function, summing symbols
and take off points are eliminated by branches and nodes.
• The transfer function is referred as transmittance in signal
flow graph.
Node

• Node: It represents the system


variable which equals to the sum of
all signals. Outgoing signal from the
node does not affect the value of
node variables.
• Branch: Branch is defined as a path
from one node to another node, in the Branch
direction indicated by the branch
arrow.
Node as a summing point:
x1 = Summing point
x1 = x2+x3+x4

Node as a transmitting (outgoing) point:


x1 = x5+x6
• Input node or source: It is the node which have only
outgoing branches.

• Output node or sink: It is a node which has only incoming


branches.
Forward Path: It is a path from an input node to an
output node in the direction of branch arrow.

Loop: It is a path that starts and ends at the same


node.
• Non-touching loop: Loop is said to be
non-touching if they do not have any
common node.

• Forward path gain: A product of all


branches gain along the forward path is
called Forward path gain.
• Loop Gain: Loop gain is
the product of branch gain
which travels in the loop.
Characteristics of SFG: SFG is
a graphical representation of the It represents a network in which
relationship between the nodes are used for the
variables of a set of linear representation of system
algebraic equations. It doesn't variable which is connected by
require any reduction technique direct branches.
or process.
• SFG is a diagram which represents a set
of equations. It consists of nodes and
branches such that each branch of SFG
having an arrow which represents the
flow of the signal.
• It is only applicable to the linear system.
Let us take an example of equation y = Kx.
y = Kx. equation can be represented with block
diagram
• The same equation can be represented by signal flow
graph, where x is input variable node, y is output variable
node and a is the transmittance of the branch connecting
directly these two nodes.
• Rules for Drawing Signal Flow Graph
• The signal always travels along the
branch towards the direction of indicated
arrow in the branch.
• The output signal of the branch is the
product of transmittance and input signal
of that branch.
• Input signal at a node is summation of all
the signals entering at that node.
• Signals propagate through all the
branches, leaving a node.
• Simple Process of Calculating Expression of
Transfer Function for Signal Flow Graph
• First, the input signal to be calculated at each node
of the graph.
• The input signal to a node is summation of product
of transmittance and the other end node variable of
each of the branches arrowed towards the former
node.
• Now by calculating input signal at all nodes will
get numbers of equations which relating node
variables and transmittance. More precisely, there
will be one unique equation for each of the input
variable node.
• By solving these equations we get,
ultimate input and output of the
entire signal flow graph of control
system.
• Lastly by dividing inspiration of
ultimate output to the expression of
initial input we calculate the
expiration of transfer function of
that signal flow graph
HOW TO DRAW
SIGNAL FLOW GRAPH
EXAMPLE:

• Consider a system
described by following
sets of equations
• Where x1 is input and x5 is output.
• Step1 - First step is to draw all the nodes.
• Step2 - Draw the SFG for equation
• (1)
• Step3 - Draw the SFG for equation
• (2)
• Step4 - Draw the SFG for equation
• (3)
• Step5 - Draw the SFG for equation
• (4)
• Step6 - Now draw the complete signal flow graph with the
help of the above graph.
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
CALCULATE THE X6/X1 FOR THE
GIVEN SIGNAL FLOW GRAPH.
• x6=gx5=gex4=ge(dx3+fx5)
• =gedx3+gefx5=gedbx2+efx6
• =gedb(ax1+cx3)+efx6=abdegx1+bcdegx3+efx6
• ͢ (1-ef)x6=abdegx1+bceg(x4-fx5)
• =abdegx1+bcegx4-bcegfx5
• =abdegx1+bcgx5-bcefx6
• =abdegx1+bcx6-bcefx6
• ͢ (1-ef-bc+bcef)x6=abdegx1
• ͢ x6/x1=[abdeg/(1-(bc+ef)+bcef)]
CAN YOU PLEASE FIND THE TRANSFER FUNCTION
FOR THE SIGNAL FLOW GRAPH
MASON’S GAIN FORMULA

• The overall transmittance or gain of signal flow graph of


control system is given by Mason’s Gain Formula and as
per the formula the overall transmittance is
• Where, Pk is the forward path transmittance of k th in path
from a specified input is known to an output node. In
arresting Pk no node should be encountered more than once.
• Δ is the graph determinant which involves closed loop
transmittance and mutual interactions between non-touching
loops.
• Δ = 1 – (sum of all individual loop transmittances) + (sum
of loop transmittance products of all possible pair of non-
touching loops) – (sum of loop transmittance products of all
possible triplets of non-touching loops) + (……) (……)
• Δ k is the factor associated with the concerned path and
involves all closed loop in the graph which are isolated
from the forward path under consideration.
• The path factor Δk for the kth path is equal to the value of
grab determinant of its signal flow graph which exist after
erasing the Kth path from the graph.
• By using this formula one can easily determine the overall
transfer function of control system by converting a block
diagram of control system (if given in that form) to its
equivalent signal flow graph.
• Let us illustrate the below given block diagram.
• L1= Individual Loop gain
• L2= Individual Loop gain
• Number of forward paths are 2
• So maximum value of ‘k’ is k=2
• P1=First forward path gain or transmittance
• P2= Second forward path gain or transmittance
• We can verify the results by
CALCULATE C/R USING MASONS
FORMULA
EXAMPLE-2
EXAMPLE-3

• Find the transfer function


Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
44

MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering &


Built Environment
EXAMPLE-4
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
61

THANK YOU

MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering &


Built Environment

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