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Group No 8 Archtecture Assignment

The document describes the organization and functioning of the Von Neumann machine. It discusses the major components of the Von Neumann architecture including the central processing unit, memory unit, input/output devices, and buses. It also explains how a computer fetches instructions from memory, decodes them, and executes them in the fetch-decode-execute cycle.

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27 views9 pages

Group No 8 Archtecture Assignment

The document describes the organization and functioning of the Von Neumann machine. It discusses the major components of the Von Neumann architecture including the central processing unit, memory unit, input/output devices, and buses. It also explains how a computer fetches instructions from memory, decodes them, and executes them in the fetch-decode-execute cycle.

Uploaded by

marcolifa167
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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A.

Describe the organization of Von Neumann machine and its major


functioning.
Von Neumann architecture, proposed by John Von Neumann in 1945, forms the foundation for most modern computers.

 Von Neumann machine also called von Neumann architecture

von Neumann architecture consists of main memory, a central-processing unit (CPU) or processor or core, and an interconnection between

the memory and the CPU. Main memory consists of a collection of locations, each of which is capable of storing both instructions and data.

Every location has an address and the location's contents. The address is used to access the location, and the contents of the location is the

instruction or data stored in the location.


The von Neumann machine involves the following organization parts;
 Central Processing Unit (CPU):
The CPU is the heart of the Von Neumann machine. Central processing unit is responsible for executing instruction and
perform arithmetic’s and logic function. It consists of three key components:
 Control Unit (CU): Responsible for managing processor control signals, fetching instructions, and directing data flow.
 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): Handles arithmetic calculations/operation (addition, subtraction, comparisons),
logical operations, and bit shifting.
 Registers: High-speed storage location within the CPU.
Examples of registers include:
 Accumulator: Stores results of ALU calculations.
 Program Counter (PC): Keeps track of the memory location for the next instruction.
 Memory Address Register (MAR): Stores memory locations for fetching or storing instructions.
 Memory Data Register (MDR): Holds instructions fetched from memory or data to be stored.
 Current Instruction Register (CIR): Stores the most recently fetched instruction.
 Instruction Buffer Register (IBR): Temporarily holds instructions not immediately executed.
 Memory Unit:
This is where data and instructions are stored for the CPU to access. It can be classified into primary memory (RAM
Random Access Memory) and secondary memory (like hard drives, SSDs, etc.
 Primary memory: It involves volatile that stores data temporarily while the computer is running. It allows fast access of
data and instruction when programs are running.
 Secondary memory: It provides long-term storage for files, programs, and data. It slower and store data and
instructions permanent.
Also in von Neumann architecture, memory is unified, meaning that both program instructions and data reside in the same
memory. This unified memory allows for flexibility because programs can be easily modified or reprogrammed.
Key components of memory unit include:
 Main Memory: Holds instructions and data.
 Memory Cells: Individual storage locations.
 Memory Addresses: Used to access specific cells.
 Memory Bus: Connects CPU and memory for data transfer.

 Input/Output Devices:
These facilitate communication between the computer and the external world. This includes devices like keyboards,
mice, displays, printers, and networking interfaces.
 Buses:
Buses are sets of parallel wires used to transmit data between different components of the computer. They can be
categorized into data bus, address bus, and control buses. Also buses connect various components within the
computer:
 Data Bus: Transmits data between CPU, memory, and I/O devices.
 Address Bus: Carries memory addresses.
 Control Bus: Carries control signals.
In summary, the Von Neumann architecture emphasizes a stored-program concept, where instructions and data reside
in the same memory.
B. Describe how a computer fetches from memory, decodes, and executes an
instruction.

The process of fetching, decoding, and executing an instruction in a computer is part of the
Instruction Cycle, also known as the Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle. Here’s a simplified
explanation of each step:

 Fetch: The computer’s processor retrieves, or ‘fetches’, the instruction from its memory.
This is done by the Control Unit (CU) using the Program Counter (PC) to keep track of
which instruction comes next. The instruction is then loaded into the Instruction
Register (IR).
 Program counter: is a special register within the control unit.

 Decode: Once the instruction is in the instruction register, the control unit decodes it
to understand what actions are required. This involves breaking down the instruction into
the opcode, which specifies the operation to perform, and the operand, which specifies
the data or the memory address on which the operation is to be performed.
 Execute: After decoding, the processor executes the instruction. This could involve various actions such as
performing arithmetic or logic operations, moving data from one memory location to another, or interacting
with input/output devices. The execution is handled by the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) for arithmetic and
logical operations, or by other components for different types of operations.
 After execution, the cycle repeats for the next instruction, with the program counter being updated to point to
the next instruction in the sequence.
 This cycle is fundamental to the operation of a computer and is how it performs tasks and runs programs. Each
step is crucial for the correct operation of the computer system.
A BLOCK DIAGRAM OF STRUCTURE OF VON NUEMANN MACHINE.

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