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1 IntroDB

The document provides an introduction to database systems, including key concepts like data abstraction, data independence, databases versus file systems, data models, database terminology related to schemes, languages, and users.

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13 views9 pages

1 IntroDB

The document provides an introduction to database systems, including key concepts like data abstraction, data independence, databases versus file systems, data models, database terminology related to schemes, languages, and users.

Uploaded by

adamshkolnik5
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Databases

COMP 353/453
Database Programming
Prof. Silva

These slides were prepared by Prof. Silva adapting the slides from Fundamentals of Database Systems (Elmasri and Navathe) and Understanding
Relational Database Query Languages (Dietrich)
File Processing Systems

• Data redundancy and inconsistency


multiple copies of data that do not necessarily agree
• Difficulty in accessing data
application written for each query with possible copy/reorganization of
data required
• Lack of concurrency control
for multiple users
• Lack of security
beyond that provided by operating system
• Integrity constraints
hard to maintain data consistency constraints

2
Database Management Systems: efficient, shared
access to persistent data

DATA ABSTRACTION

view1 view2 … viewn

conceptual level

physical level

3
Data Independence

physical:
the ability to modify the physical scheme without causing the
application program to be rewritten
e.g. reorganize data structures to improve performance

logical:
the ability to modify conceptual scheme without causing the
application program to be rewritten,
e.g. add new fields

4
Databases versus File Systems

• self-contained nature
Stores data along with a complete description of data and its interpretation (meta-
data stored in a catalog)
• insulation between program and data
The catalog can be modified without necessarily requiring a change in a program.
A change in a file system requires a change in the program.
• data abstraction
A data model logically describes relationships between objects, constraints on
data, etc., without concern for physical details.
• support of multiple views
A DBMS has many different users who need to view data in different ways. A
view is a subset of the database, which is virtual (the subset is not explicitly
stored but derived from the stored database).

5
Data Models

Collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationships, data


semantics and data constraints

• 1960s: Network model (graphs)


Database commands embedded in programming language. Data
represented by graphs.
• Late 1960s: Hierarchical model (trees)
Restriction of network graphs to trees.
• 1970: Relational model (tables)
Data represented in tables with rows and columns.
• 1975: Entity-Relationship model
Data represented graphically as entities and relationships between
entities.
• 1980s-1990s: Object-Oriented databases (objects)
Database (persistent) objects part of the host object-oriented
programming language.
6
Database Terminology: Scheme

Database Scheme:
• Overall design of the DB
• Intension
• Intensional Database

Database Instance:
• Collection of information stored in the DB at a particular
instant in time
• Extension
• Extensional Database

7
Database Terminology: Languages

Data Definition Language (DDL):


used to specify the database scheme
Data Dictionary (Catalog):
stores metadata, result of compiling DDL
Data Manipulation Language (DML):
enables users to access or manipulate data
Query Language:
part of the DML that involves information retrieval
Query:
statement requesting the retrieval of information

8
Database Terminology: Users

Database Administrator (DBA):


Person having central control of both data and programs that
access the data

Database Users:
• application programmers - DML
• knowledgeable users - query language
• naive/parametric end users - menu-driven queries

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