Section Ⅱ Learning About Language

Ⅰ.核心词汇及拓展
1．________
penicillin n．青霉素；盘尼西林
circumstance n. (usually pl.)条件；环境；状况
2．___________
3．________
flow n．流；流动；流畅；供应 vi.(过去式________，过去 flowed
分词________)流；流动
flowed
novelist n．小说家→________
4．________ novel n．(长篇)小说 adj.新颖的；与
众不同的
5．________
flee vi.& vt.(过去式________，过去分词________，现在分
fled fled
fleeing flee from... to...
词________)迅速离开；逃跑→________________从……逃到……
chart n．图表 vt.记录；制订计划→____________
6．________ flow chart 流程图
7．________________
wear and tear (正常使用造成的)磨损；损耗
 Ⅱ.核心词汇讲解
circumstance n．条件；环境；状况；情况；情形(常用复数)
❶The company reserves the right to cancel this agreement in certain
circumstances.
本公司保留在一定条件下取消这项协议的权利。
❷You should fit your style of living to your circumstances.
你应当让你的生活方式适应环境。
❸Due to circumstances beyond our control, the lecture had to be
cancelled.
由于我们无法控制的情况，不得已取消了讲座。
[常用搭配] economic circumstances经济状况
in/under the circumstances在这种情况下；既然如此
in/under... circumstances在……情况下
under any circumstances在任何情况下；无论如何
in/under no circumstances决不；无论如何都不
❹Under no circumstances should you lend him any money.
你无论如何都不能借钱给他。
❺Racism is wholly unacceptable under any circumstances.
无论在任何情况下，种族主义都是千万要不得的。
❻In the circumstances it was not surprising that there was trouble.
在这种情况下，出现麻烦就不足为奇了。
 [即学即练] 根据汉语意思完成句子
①无论何时，情况允许的话，他们都会来助我们一臂之力。
Whenevercircumstances permit they will come and lend us a helping
________________，
hand.
②很多在偶然情况下发生的谈话似乎是漫无目的的。
under/in casual circumstances
A great deal of talking that happens ________________________
may seem to be aimless.
③我们决不会忘记第二次世界大战带给我们的巨大苦难。
Under/In no circumstances will we forget
__________________________________________ the great
sufferings brought by World War Ⅱ.
 ④他每天必须工作12个小时，在这种情况下，他觉得无法接受这
项工作。
He had to work twelve hours a day, and ________________________
under/in the circumstances
he found the job unacceptable.
 [名师点津] in/under no circumstances, in no way, by no means等含
否定意义的短语放在句首时，句子用部分倒装。
 Discovering Useful Structures
Grammar——非限制性定语从句
诵读下列例句并感知画线部分的共性。
1．This note was left by Mr. Li, who was here a moment ago.
2．This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.
3．The bus ran into a crowd of people, some of whom were sent to
hospital.
4．China has hundreds of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.
5．All of my books are on the desk, where I always keep them.
6．They decided to put off the meeting until next Saturday, when
they wouldn't be so busy.
 [共性呈现]
1．所有画线部分是非限制性定语从句，都由逗号与主句隔开。
2．在句1,2,3,4中，引导非限制性定语从句的who, which, whom都
是关系代词；在句5和6中，引导非限制性定语从句的where和when是
关系副词。
 [语法精释]
非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用，去掉后也不会影响对全句的
理解，它与先行词之间往往用逗号隔开。
The summer holiday, which we're looking forward to, is drawing
near.
我们所期盼的暑假即将到来。
 1．限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别
(1)形式不同
限制性定语从句与主句之间无逗号隔开；非限制性定语从句与主
句之间有逗号隔开。
❶This is the best novel that I have ever read.
这是我读过的最好的小说。
❷I read a novel last night, which is very interesting.
我昨天晚上读了一本小说，它非常有趣。
 (2)作用不同
限制性定语从句可以修饰名词或代词，与先行词关系密切，若缺
少，句意则不完整。非限制性定语从句修饰名词或代词，也可以指代
整个句子或句子的一部分，对先行词仅起补充说明作用，若缺少，句
意仍相对完整。
❸Do you remember the man who taught us English?
你记得教我们英语的那个人吗？
❹She and her family bicycle to work, which helps them keep fit.
她和家人都骑车去上班，这有助于他们保持健康。
可通过以下两个例句对比理解两者的区别：
❺His brother who is 19 years old is serving in the army now.
他的一个19岁的哥哥正在部队服役。(他有不止一个哥哥)
❻His brother, who is 19 years old, is serving in the army now.
他的哥哥今年19岁，正在部队服役。(他只有一个哥哥)
 (3)翻译不同
限制性定语从句的句子一般先译从句，后译先行词，即把从句放
在先行词前，译为“……的＋先行词”。非限制性定语从句的句子一
般先译主句，后译从句，形成两个分句。
❼He is the man who lives next to me.
他就是住在我隔壁的那个人。
❽He is a warm­hearted man, who lives next to me.
他是个热心肠的人，住在我的隔壁。
 (4)关系词不同
关系代词that不能引导非限制性定语从句。在限制性定语从句
中，关系代词作宾语时可以省略；在非限制性定语从句中，所有关系
词都不可省略。
❾Mr White, whom you met yesterday, is one of my old friends.
怀特先生是我的一个老朋友，你昨天见到他了。(非限制性定语
从句，whom在从句中作宾语，不能省略)
 2．as的用法
as也可以作为关系代词引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从
句，as在定语从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。
(1)as引导限制性定语从句时，主要用在固定搭配such... as, the
same... as中。
10He is not the same man as he was.
○
他和以前不一样了。
(2)as引导非限制性定语从句时，指代主句的内容，在从句中作主
语或宾语，常译为“正如”。
11Smoking is harmful to one's health, as is known to us all.
○
众所周知，吸烟有害健康。
 (3)as引导的非限制性定语从句可置于主句前。
12As I have pointed out, it is important to include vegetables in our
○
diet.
正如我所指出的，蔬菜在日常饮食中很重要。
 [即学即练]
1．在空白处填入1个适当的关系词
which looks the same as it must
①It is a truly delightful place, ________
have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.
②This woman has set a good example to her son, ________ who is a
really lucky guy.
③My father was easily cheated, ________
which surprised me.
④Around me in the picture are the things that/which
________ were very
important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.
⑤She is my good friend, without ________
whose help I couldn't have fitted
in with the class so quickly. I will never forget those days ________
when we
stayed together.
 2．翻译句子
①We walked down the village street, where people were having
market day.
________________________________________________________
我们沿着村子的街道往前走，人们正在那里赶集。
________________
②This is the place where he used to live.
________________________________________________________
这是他过去居住的地方。
________________
③李华是个热心的男孩，他经常利用空闲时间帮助他人。
Li Hua is a warm­hearted boy, who often devotes his spare time to
________________________________________________________
________________
helping others.
 单句语法填空
1．London, ________
which is the capital city of the United Kingdom, is a
very beautiful city.
2．The number of smokers, ________
as is reported, has dropped by 17
percent in just one year.
3．Tom's brother, ________
whose work takes him all over the world, is in
Hainan at the moment.
4．Nowadays, it is common to see many young people staring at their
mobile phones instead of reading a real book, about ________ which many
experts are worried.
 5．China Daily attracts a worldwide readership, ________
which shows
that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.
6．As the only daughter of the family, Mary is always longing for
that time, ________
when she should be able to be independent.
7．The manager of the company is trying to create an easy
atmosphere, ________
where his employees work happily.
8．The police must give the suspect the reasons ________
why they are
arresting him and tell him his rights under the law.
9．My sister has created many programs, one of ________
which received
an award at our province's science fair.
10．The number of the people invited to the exhibition is over 200, a
whom are students.
huge number of ________
 11．The result of the experiment was very good, ________
which we hadn't
expected.
12．Lily was always talking about her wealthy husband, ________
which of
course, made the other ladies unhappy.
13．The writer has written a number of books, ________
of which only one is
widely read.
14．This is Mr. Day, ________
who I think has something interesting to
tell you.
15．________
As is reported in today's paper, people have found the lost
boy.
16．The result was not the same ________ as they had expected,
which was rather disappointing.
________
 17．After the flooding, people were suffering in that area, ________
which
urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive.
18．In the old days, ________
when I was a little boy, the city had no
industry to speak of.