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Lecture 7

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37 views11 pages

Lecture 7

Uploaded by

aizazahmadkhan764
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Traverse Survey

Lecture - 7
Fore and Back Bearing:
 Every line has two bearings, one observed at each
end of the line. The bearing of the line in the
direction of the progress of survey is called fore or
forward bearing (F.B), while its bearing in the
opposite direction is known as back or reverse
bearing (B.B).
 It may be noted that the fore and back bearings of a
line differ exactly by 180o. In the whole circle
bearing system, the back bearing of a line may be
obtained from the fore bearing by using the following
relation:
 o
Fore and Back Bearing

 When the fore bearing is less than 180 o, then use plus
sign, and if it exceeds 180o, use minus sign.
 In the quadrantal bearing system, the fore and back
bearings are numerically equal but with opposite
letters. For example, if the fore bearing of a line is N
40o 25’ E, then the back bearing of a line is
S40o25’W.
To find Back Bearing from Fore Bearing

 Qn: Fore bearing of Line PQ is 38o15’, find Back


bearing.

Back Bearing =218o15’

38o15’

P
To find Back Bearing from Fore Bearing

 Qn: Fore bearing of Line RS is 210o15’ find the back


bearing.
R

210o15’

Back Bearing =30o30’

S
Conversion of FB to BB:
 WCB System
 Quadrantal Bearing System

 Examples
 Problem
Local Attraction, Dip and Magnetic
Declination:
 The magnetic needle is deflected from its normal
position when it is under the influence of external
attractive forces (called the sources of local
attraction). Such a disturbing influence in known as
local attraction.
 If the needle is perfectly balanced before
magnetization, it remains in horizontal position. But
it will not remain in the same position after it is
magnetized, on account of the magnetic influence of
the earth. It will be inclined downwards the pole.
Local Attraction, Dip and
Magnetic Declination:
 The inclination of the needle with the horizontal is
known as dip of the needle. The amount of dip is not
constant, but varies in different parts of the earth. It is
0o at the equator and 90o at the magnetic poles.
 The magnetic meridian at a place does not coincide
with the true meridian at that place except in few
places.
 The horizontal angle which the magnetic meridian
makes with the true meridian is known as magnetic
declination or simply declination.
Calculation of Angles from Bearings:

 When the bearings are given in WCB


 When given bearings of the two lines are RB

1. When both the lines lie in the same quadrant


2. When both the lines are on the same side of different
poles
3. When the lines are on different sides of different poles.
4. When the lines are lying on different side of same pole.

 Examples
Calculated Bearing:
 Bearings observed in the field with the help of
magnetic compass are called observed bearings of
that line.
 If we measure the angle between this line and another
line at this point of intersection, the bearings of
second line can be calculated, which is called the
calculated bearing of second line.

 3 Cases
 Problem
Problem:
 A,B,C,D and E are five survey stations of an open
traverse. At station B,C and D the angles ABC,
BCD and CDE are measured in clockwise direction
and their values being 196o, 142o and 58o 37”
respectively. If the WCB of AB is 10o 00”. What
are the bearings BC, CD and DE ?

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