Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 4 views

    Al Kynes

    Uploaded by

    Fikadu Habtu

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Al Kynes

    Uploaded by

    Fikadu Habtu
    4 views22 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    4 views22 pages

    Al Kynes

    Uploaded by

    Fikadu Habtu

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 22

    H.

    Cycloalkenes
    Cycloalkenes
     are unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons.
     the carbon atoms are linked in such a manner as to form a
    closed chain or a ring structure.
     They contain a double bond between carbon atoms.
    Its general formula is represented by CnH2n–2 , where n > 3.
    Unsubstituted cycloalkenes are named by adding the prefix
    “cyclo” to the name of the parent alkene.
    The simplest cycloalkene is cyclopropene. b/c its n=3.
    ALKYNES
    At the end of this section, students will be able to
    define alkynes;
    write the general formula of alkynes and write the molecular formula of
    the first nine homologous series of alkynes;
    describe the physical properties of alkynes.
    use IUPAC rules to name alkynes;
    Explain isomers of Alkynes and write the structural formulas of alkynes
    up to nine carbon atoms.
    describe the general method for preparation of alkynes in a laboratory;
    prepare acetylene in a laboratory by the reaction of CaC2 with water.
    ALKYNES
     are another group of unsaturated hydrocarbons possessing a
    triple bond as their functional group.
     the homologous series of alkynes is represented by the general
    formula CnH2n–2 , where n ≥ 2.
     the first member of the group is commonly known as acetylene.
     The homologous series of alkynes is also called acetylene series.
    Exercise 6.1
    1. By looking at the trends for alkynes in Table 6.5, write the molecular
    formula and the structures of the alkynes containing 11 and 12 carbon
    atoms.
    2. Describe the general characteristics of the alkyne homologous series
    3. Compare the physical state, melting points and boiling points of
    alkynes, alkenes and alkanes as the number of carbon atoms increases.
    Discuss with your group and present to the class.
    A. Nomenclature of Alkynes
    Class work
    Name the following compounds
    B. Isomerism in Alkynes
    Alkynes show both chain and position isomerism, but not geometrical
    or cis- trans isomerism Consider:
    1-Butyne and 2-butyne are position
    isomers whereas 3-methyl-1-butyne
    and 1-pentyne are chain isomers.
    C. Preparation of Alkynes
    Alkynes can be prepared by several methods. Some of the general
    methods of preparation of alkynes are:
    1. Dehydrohalogenation of vicinal (adjacent) dihalides with a base
    NaOH or KOH or NaNH2.
    2. Alkylation of sodium acetylide (dicarbide) with a primary alkyl halide.
    General reaction:
    3. Reaction of calcium carbide with water:
    D. Chemical Properties of Alkyne
    At the end of this section, students will be able to
    explain the chemical properties of alkynes.

    Alkynes are more reactive than alkanes and alkenes. Why?


    Alkynes are more unsaturated than alkanes and alkenes due to the
    presence of a carbon- carbon triple bond.
    They can undergo basically two reactions.
    1. Combustion reaction and
    2. Addition reactions (best reaction).
    (a) Hydrogenation
    addition of hydrogen
     In the presence of nickel or palladium catalyst, alkynes produce
    alkanes.
    Partial hydrogenation of alkynes in the presence of Lindlar’s catalyst
    gives alkenes. Lindlar’s catalyst is powdered palladium partially
    deactivated with lead acetate.
    (b) Addition of halogens
    • When a molecule of an alkyne reacts with one and two molecules of
    halogens, it gives a dihaloalkene and a tetrahaloalkane, respectively.
    (c) Addition of Hydrogen Halides
    Alkynes react with hydrogen halides to form a monohaloalkene and a
    dihaloalkane. The addition reaction occurs according to Markovnikov’s rule.
    (d) Trimerization of Acetylene:
    Acetylene, on prolonged heating at 600 – 700 oC, yields benzene.
    E. Properties and uses of Acetylene or Ethyne
    a large quantity of acetylene is used as a fuel in oxy-acetylene torches
    for cutting and welding metals.

    You might also like