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Hypothesis Testing

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22 views24 pages

Hypothesis Testing

Uploaded by

honetosuccess
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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STATISTICS AND

PROBABILITY

Prepared by:

MANUEL JAYJAY D. ASUNCION III, LPT


SHS Teacher II
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
 illustrate (a) null hypothesis; (b) alternative
hypothesis; (c) level of significance; (d) rejection
region; and (e) types of errors in hypothesis
testing;
 identify the parameter to be tested given a real-
life problem; and
 formulates the appropriate null and alternative
hypotheses on a population mean.
What is Hypothesis Testing?
 It is a decision-making process for
evaluating claims about a population
based on the characteristics of a sample
purportedly coming from the population.
The decision is whether the characteristic
is acceptable or not.
What is a Statistical Hypothesis?
 a statement regarding an unknown
population parameter

 may or may not be true, and it is


developed for testing

 There are two types:


1. null hypothesis
2. alternative hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
 denoted by , initial claim
 shows no significant difference, no changes, nothing happened,
or no difference between sample means or proportions and
population means
 the independent variable has no effect on the dependent variable.

Alternative Hypothesis
 denoted by or , is a claim that is contradictory to

 shows that there is a significant difference, an effect, change,


relationship between a parameter and specific value

 the independent variable has an effect on the dependent variable.


Null Hypothesis
:=.
= - equal to, the same as, not changed from, is

Alternative Hypothesis
: ; ; .

≠ - not equal to, different from, changed from, not the


same as

¿ - than,
greater than, above, higher than, longer than, bigger
increased, at least

¿ than, decreased or reduced from, at most


- less than, below, lower than, shorter than, smaller
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Identify whether the given statement is a null hypothesis or an
alternative hypothesis. Explain your answer.
1. There is a significant difference in the academic performances of
Grade 11-Gold and Grade 11-Silver students during the school year
2020-2021.
Alternative hypothesis
2. Grades in school do not predict a student’s success in the future.

Null hypothesis
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Write the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses in each problem.

3. The average height of the male members in Team Mudo is shorter


than the average height of the male members in Team Muli.

Alternative hypothesis
4. The number of calories for a serving of banana is unaffected
whether it is latundan or lacatan.
Null hypothesis
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
State the null and alternative hypotheses for each statement.

1. The average age of bus drivers in Laoag City is 38.8 years.

: years
: years

2. The average number of calories of a low-calorie meal is less than 300.

: calories
: calories
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
State the null and alternative hypotheses for each statement.

3. The school record claims that the mean score in Math of the incoming Grade
11 students is 8.1. The teacher wishes to find out if the claim is true. She tests
if there is a significant difference between the batch mean score and the mean
score of students in his class.

and in words and in symbols


The mean score of the incoming grade 11 is 8.1.

The mean score of the incoming grade 11 is not 8.1.


ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
State the null and alternative hypotheses for each statement.

4. A social worker wants to test (at ) whether the average body mass index (BMI)
of students under feeding program is different from 8.2 kilograms.

and in words and in symbols


The average body mass index of students under
feeding program is not different from 8.2 kg.

The average body mass index of students under


feeding program is different from 8.2 kg.
Other Important Definitions
Statistical Test
 It is done to decide whether the null hypothesis should be rejected or not.
The numerical value obtained from a statistical test is called the test
statistic.

Level of Significance
 It refers to the degree of significance in which we accept or reject the null
hypothesis.
 It is a measure of the strength of the evidence present in the sample before
rejecting the null hypothesis and concludes that the effect is statistically
significant.
 It is denoted by alpha
Other Important Definitions
Level of Significance
 100% accuracy is not possible for accepting or rejecting a
hypothesis
 It is also the probability of making the wrong decision when the
null hypothesis is true.
 In public health research alpha is usually 0.01 or 1%. In social
science, is usually 0.05 or 5% and 0.10 or 10% in other studies.
Other Important Definitions
Rejection Region (RR)

 It is also known as the critical region, refers to the range of


values that leads the statistician to reject the null hypothesis

Non-Rejection Region (NRR)

 It is the set of values of the test statistic for which the null
hypothesis is not rejected.
Other Important Definitions
One-Tailed Test

 It is a test of statistical hypothesis where the region of rejection is


on one side only of the sampling distribution.

Two-Tailed Test

 It is a test where the region of rejection is on both sides of the


sampling distribution.
One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Test
NOTE:

The alternative hypothesis dictates whether a


particular test is a one-tailed or two-tailed test.
Alternative hypotheses that are stated using the ≠
sign imply two-tailed tests. Alternative hypotheses
that are stated using the < or > sign imply one-
tailed tests.
A one-tailed test is a test in which the critical area of a distribution is
one-sided so that it is either greater than or less than the mean of a
population, but not both.
A two-tailed test is designed to show whether the mean of a sample is
significantly greater than and significantly less than the mean of a
population.
Types of Errors in Hypothesis Testing
Type I Error
 It is the error of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true.

 It is denoted by alpha (𝜶).


 In hypothesis testing, the normal curve that shows the critical
region is called the alpha region.
 The significance level predetermines the probability of
committing a Type I error in hypothesis testing.
Types of Errors in Hypothesis Testing
Type II Error
 It is the error committed when we decide not to reject the null
hypothesis when in fact, it is false.
 It is denoted by beta (𝜷).
 In hypothesis testing, the normal curve that shows the acceptance
region is called the beta region.
 The probability of not committing a Type II error is called the power
of the test, and it is equal to 1 − 𝛽. The power of the test is the
probability that we make the right decision when the null hypothesis is
not correct; we rightly reject it.
alpha beta alpha
region region region
Types of Errors in Hypothesis Testing
There are four possible outcomes when testing a statistical hypothesis.

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