UNIT VII:

Analyzing the Meaning

of Data and Drawing
Conclusions
“ Data Analysis in Qualitative Research is
the process of systematically searching
and arranging textual materials & data that
the researcher accumulated to understand
a phenomenon.
 In a nutshell . . .

1 2 3 4

Get familiar Revisit research Develop a Identify patterns &

with the data. objectives. framework. connections.
 Coding
is the process of labelling and organizing qualitative
data to identify different themes and the relationships
between them.
Indexing or Categorizing the text in order to
establish a framework of thematic ideas about it.
 STAGES OF CODING

Open Axial Selective

Coding Coding Coding
 Open Coding

a. Turn your data into small, discrete components of data.

b. Code each discrete pieces of data with a descriptive label.
 Axial Coding

c. Find connections and relationships between codes.

d. Aggregate and condense codes into broader categories.
 Selective Coding

e. Bring it together with one overarching category.

f. Identify the connections between this overarching category and the rest of your codes and data.
g. Remove categories or codes that don’t have enough supporting data.
h. Read the transcript again, and code according to this overarching category.
 THEME
are features of participants’ accounts characterizing particular
perceptions and/ experiences that the researcher sees as relevant
to the research question.
Theming is the drawing together of codes from one or
more transcripts to present the findings of qualitative research
in a coherent and meaningful way.
 Common Approaches
01 Qualitative Content
Analysis 04 Narrative Data Analysis

Interpretative
02 Thematic Analysis 05 Phenomenological
Analysis

03 Discourse Analysis 06 Grounded Theory

 1
Qualitative Content
Analysis
Evaluates patterns within one or more pieces of content. To
conduct content analysis, you systematically collect data from a
set of texts, which can be written, oral, or visual.
 How to Conduct:
1. Select the content you will analyze
a. The medium and genre
b. Criteria for inclusion
c. Parameters
2. Define the units and categories of analysis
d. Units of meaning
e. Set of categories
3. Develop a set of rules for coding
4. Code the text according to the rules
5. Analyze the results and draw conclusions
 2
Thematic
Analysis
Looks at patterns of meaning in a data set. It is usually applied to a set of texts,
such as interview transcripts. The researcher closely examines the data to
identify common themes – topics, ideas and patterns of meaning that come up
repeatedly. It is mainly aimed at understanding people’s experiences, views and
opinions.
 Steps on making a thematic
analysis:
1. Familiarization
2. Coding
3. Generating themes
4. Reviewing themes
5. Defining and naming themes
6. Writing up
 3
Discourse
Analysis
Discourse analysis is a research method for studying written or
spoken language in relation to its social context. It aims to
understand how language is used in real life situations.
How is discourse analysis different from
other methods?
o Unlike linguistic approaches that focus only on the rules of language use,
discourse analysis emphasizes the contextual meaning of language.
o It focuses on the social aspects of communication and the ways people use
language to achieve specific effects.
o Instead of focusing on smaller units of language, such as sounds, words or
phrases, discourse analysis is used to study larger chunks of language, such as
entire conversations, texts, or collections of texts.
 Level of Communication What is analyzed?
Vocabulary Words and phrases can be analyzed for ideological associations,
formality, and euphemistic and metaphorical content.
Grammar The way that sentences are constructed (e.g. verb tenses, active or
passive construction, and the use of imperatives and questions) can
reveal aspects of intended meaning.
Structure The structure of a text can be analyzed for how it creates emphasis or
builds a narrative.
Genre Texts can be analyzed in relation to the conventions and
communicative aims of their genre (e.g. political speeches or tabloid
newspaper articles).
Non-verbal communication Non-verbal aspects of speech, such as tone of voice, pauses, gestures,
and sounds like “um”, can reveal aspects of a speaker’s intentions,
attitudes, and emotions.
Conversational codes The interaction between people in a conversation, such as turn-taking,
interruptions and listener response, can reveal aspects of cultural
conventions and social roles.
 How to Conduct
Discourse Analysis:
1. Define the research question and select the content of analysis
2. Gather information and theory on the context
3. Analyze the content for themes and patterns
4. Review your results and draw conclusions
 4
Narrative Data
Analysis
Listening to people telling stories and analyzing what they
mean. Personal narrative come in a variety of forms: topical
stories, personal narrative, and entire life story.
 How to Conduct:
Step 1: Code Narrative Blocks
Step 2: Group and Read by Live-Event
Step 3: Create Nested Story Structure Codes
Step 4: Delve into the Story Structure
Step 5: Compare Across Story Structure
Step 6: Tell the Core Narrative
 5
Interpretative
Phenomenological
Analysis
It is a qualitative approach which aims to provide detailed
examinations of personal lived experience.
 How to Conduct:

Phase 1: Multiple reading and taking notes.

Phase 2: Transforming notes into emergent themes.
Phase 3: Seeking relationships, and clustering themes.
Phase 4: Provide analytic comments and discussions.
 6
Grounded
Theory
Create a new theory (or theories) using the data at hand,
through a series of “tests” and “revisions.”
 How to Conduct:

1. Overarching questions.
2. Analyze a small sample
3. Draw hypothesis
 Common Approaches
01 Qualitative Content
Analysis 04 Narrative Data Analysis
Straight forward method for Analysis of stories.
qualitative analysis.

Interpretative
02 Thematic Analysis
Identifying themes and patterns.
05 Phenomenological
Analysis
Analysis of people’s unique experiences
of a phenomenon.

03 Discourse Analysis
Analysis of conversations.
06 Grounded Theory
Using data alone to formulate a new
theory.
Qualitative Data Analysis Software
It provides tools that helps with qualitative research such as
transcription analysis, coding and text interpretation,
recursive abstraction, content analysis, and discourse
analysis.
 Drawing
Conclusions
“
Conclusion is a type of inferential or
interpretative thinking that derives its
validity, truthfulness, or
reasonableness from your sensory
experience.
 Pointers:
o Explain your point in simple and clear sentences.
o Use expressions that center on the topic rather than on yourself,
the researcher.
o Include only necessary items; exclude any piece of information
or picture not closely related to your report.
o Have your conclusion contain only validly supported findings
instead of falsified results.
o Practice utmost honesty and objectivity in stating the results of
your critical evaluation of outcomes that you expect to support
your conclusions.
 UNIT VIII:

Reporting &
Sharing the
Findings
 Title

Abstract

Introduction

Method

Findings

Discussion & Conclusions

Recommendations

References

Appendices
 Title

Abstract

Introduction

Method

Results

Discussion

References

Appendices
Chapter 1. Introduction
• Background of the Study
• Statement of the Problem
• Significance of the Study
• Objectives of the Study
• Scope & Limitation (Delimitation)
• Theoretical Framework
• Conceptual Framework (Quali/Quanti)
• Paradigm*
• Hypothesis (Quanti)
• Definition of Terms
Chapter 2. Review of Related Literature

Chapter 3. Methodology
• Locale of the Study
• Research Design
• Population & Sampling
• The Respondents
• Research Instruments
• Scoring & Interpretation
• Validation of Research Instrument
• Data Collection Procedure
• Statistical Treatment/Data Analysis Procedure
Chapter 4. Presentation, Analysis and
Interpretation of Data

Chapter 5. Summary, Conclusion, Implications

and Recommendations
• Summary of Findings
• Conclusions and Recommendations
 Thank Ü!
Any Questions?
Any Clarifications?
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