SQL Queries

What is SQL?

 SQL stands for Structured Query Language.

 SQL lets you access and manipulate databases.

 SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard.

SQL statements categories

 SQL language is divided into four types of primary language statements: DML, DDL, DCL
and TCL.

 The four main categories of SQL statements are as follows:

1. DML (Data Manipulation Language)

2. DDL (Data Definition Language)

3. DCL (Data Control Language)

4. TCL (Transaction Control Language)

DML (Data Manipulation Language)

 DML statements affect records in a table.

 These are basic operations we perform on data such as selecting a few records from a

table, inserting new records, deleting unnecessary records, and updating/modifying

existing records.

 DML statements include the following:

SELECT: select records from a table.

INSERT: insert new records.

UPDATE: update/Modify existing records.

DELETE: delete existing records.

DDL (Data Definition Language)

 DDL statements are used to alter/modify a database or table structure and schema.

 These statements handle the design and storage of database objects.

 DDL statements include the following:

CREATE – create a new Table, database, schema.

ALTER – alter existing table, column description.

DROP – delete existing objects from database.

DCL (Data Control Language)

 DCL statements control the level of access that users have on database objects.

 DCL statements include the following:

GRANT: allows users to read/write on certain database objects.

REVOKE: keeps users from read/write permission on database objects.

TCL (Transaction Control Language)

 TCL statements allow you to control and manage transactions to maintain the integrity of
data within SQL statements.

 TCL statements include the following:

BEGIN Transaction: opens a transaction.

COMMIT Transaction – commits a transaction.

ROLLBACK Transaction – ROLLBACK a transaction in case of any error.

What Can SQL do?
 SQL can execute queries against a database

 SQL can retrieve data from a database

 SQL can insert records in a database

 SQL can update/delete records in a database

 SQL can create new databases

 SQL can create new tables in a database

 SQL can create stored procedures in a database

 SQL can create views in a database

 SQL can set permissions on tables, procedures, and views.

SELECT Statement

 The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database

 Syntax:

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name;

 Example:

SELECT empID, empName FROM emp;

SELECT DISTINCT Statement

 The SELECT DISTINCT statement is used to return only distinct (different) values.

 Syntax:

SELECT DISTINCT colum_name

FROM table_name;

 Example:

SELECT DISTINCT DNAME FROM EMP;

SELECT COUNT ( DISTINCT DNAME) FROM EMP;

SQL WHERE Clause

 The WHERE clause is used to filter records. The WHERE clause is used to extract only those
records that fulfill a specified condition.

 Syntax:

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

 Example:

SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE LOC=‘NEW YORK';

SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=7876;

AND Operator

 Syntax:

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 AND condition2 AND condition3 ...;

 Example:

SELECT * FROM EMP

WHERE LOC=‘NEW YORK' AND EMPNO=7782;
OR Operator

 Syntax:

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 OR condition2 OR condition3 ...;

 Example:

SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE LOC=‘NEW YORK' OR LOC=‘CHICAGO';
NOT Operator

 Syntax :

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name
WHERE NOT condition;

 Example:

SELECT * FROM EMP

WHERE NOT JOB=‘CLERK';
Operators in The WHERE Clause

= Equal

> Greater than

< Less than

>= Greater than or equal

<= Less than or equal

BETWEEN Between an inclusive range

LIKE Search for a pattern

IN To specify multiple possible values for a column

BETWEEN Operator

 The BETWEEN operator selects values within a given range. The values can be
numbers, text, or dates

 Syntax:

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;

 Example:

SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO BETWEEN 7521 AND 7698;

BETWEEN (Text Values)

 Example:

SELECT * FROM EMP

WHERE LOC BETWEEN 'CHICAGO’

AND ‘NEW YORK’ ;

 Example:

SELECT * FROM EMP

WHERE JOB NOT BETWEEN ‘ANALYST’

AND ‘CLERK’ ;
BETWEEN (Date)

 Example1:

SELECT * FROM emp

WHERE hiredate BETWEEN TO_DATE ( ‘07/04/1980’ , ‘DD/MM/YYYY’ )

AND TO-DATE ( ‘07/09/1985’ , ‘DD/MM/YYYY’ );

 Example2:

SELECT * FROM emp

WHERE hiredate NOT BETWEEN TO_DATE ( ‘07/04/1980’ , ‘DD/MM/YYYY’ )

AND TO-DATE ( ‘07/09/1985’ , ‘DD/MM/YYYY’ );

IN Operator

Syntax:

 SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN (value1, value2, ...);

OR

 SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN (SELECT STATEMENT);
IN Operator

Example1

SELECT * FROM EMP

WHERE JOB IN (‘NEW YORK’, ‘CHICAGO’ );

SELECT * FROM EMP

WHERE EMPNO IN (7876, 7499, 7698);

Example2

SELECT * FROM EMP

WHERE JOB NOT IN (‘NEW YORK’, ‘CHICAGO’ );
LIKE Operator

 The LIKE operator is used in a WHERE clause to search for a specified pattern in a
column.

 LIKE operator used in two different ways

 % The percent sign represents zero, one, or multiple characters.

 _ The underscore represents a single character.

 LIKE Operator

LIKE Operator Description

WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘A%' Finds any values that starts with ‘A’.

WHERE ENAME LIKE '%A' Finds any values that ends with ‘A’.

WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘%M%' Finds any values that have ‘M’ in any position.

WHERE ENAME LIKE '_A%' Finds any values that have ‘A’ in the second position.

WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘A%O' Finds any values that starts with ‘A’ and ends with ‘O’.
LIKE Operator

 SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘A%';

 SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE ENAME LIKE '%A’;

 SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE ENAME LIKE '%M%’;

 SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE ENAME LIKE '_A%’;

 SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘A%O’;

COUNT() Function

 Syntax:

SELECT COUNT (column_name)

FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

 Example

SELECT COUNT ( DISTINCT DNAME )

FROM EMP;
AVG() Functions

 Syntax:

SELECT AVG (column_name)

FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

 Example:

SELECT AVG (Price)

FROM Products;
SUM() Function

 Syntax:

SELECT SUM (column_name)

FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

 Example

SELECT SUM (Quantity)

FROM OrderDetails;
MIN() Function

 Syntax:

SELECT MIN (column_name)

FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

 Example:

SELECT MIN PRICE AS SmallestPrice

FROM Products;
MAX() Functions

 Syntax:

SELECT MAX (column_name)

FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

 Example

SELECT MAX (Price) AS LargestPrice

FROM Products;
ORDER BY Clause

 Syntax:

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name
ORDER BY column1, column2, ... ASC|DESC;

 Example

 SELECT * FROM Customers

ORDER BY Country;

 SELECT * FROM Customers

ORDER BY Country DESC;
ORDER BY Clause

 Example

 SELECT * FROM Customers

ORDER BY Country, CustomerName;

 SELECT * FROM Customers

ORDER BY Country ASC, CustomerName DESC;
UPDATE Table

 Syntax:

UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...
WHERE condition;

 Example

UPDATE Customers
SET CustomerName = 'Ahmad', City= ‘LHR'
WHERE CustomerID = 1;
DELETE Statement

 Syntax:

DELETE FROM table_name

WHERE condition;

 Example

DELETE FROM Customers

WHERE CustomerName=‘Ahmad’;

DELETE * FROM table_name;

IS NULL Operator

 Syntax:

SELECT column_names
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IS NULL;

 Example

SELECT LastName, FirstName, Address FROM Persons

WHERE Address IS NULL;
IS NOT NULL Operator

 Syntax:

SELECT column_names
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IS NOT NULL;

 Example

SELECT LastName, FirstName, Address FROM Persons

WHERE Address IS NOT NULL;
SQL Aliases

 Syntax:

SELECT column_name AS alias_name

FROM table_name;

 Example

SELECT CustomerID AS ID, CustomerName AS Customer

FROM Customers;

SELECT CustomerName, Address + ', ' + PostalCode + ' ' + City + ', ' +
Country AS Address FROM Customers;
GROUP BY Statement

 The GROUP BY statement is often used with aggregate functions (COUNT, MAX, MIN,
SUM, AVG) to group the result-set by one or more columns

 Syntax:

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
GROUP BY column_name(s)
ORDER BY column_name(s);
GROUP BY Statement

 Example:

SELECT COUNT (CustomerID), Country

FROM Customers
GROUP BY Country;
GROUP BY Statement

 The HAVING clause was added to SQL because the WHERE keyword could not be used
with aggregate functions.

 Example:

SELECT COUNT (CustomerID), Country

FROM Customers

GROUP BY Country

HAVING COUNT (CustomerID) > 7;

SQL HAVING

 SELECT COUNT(CustomerID), Country

FROM Customers
GROUP BY Country
HAVING COUNT(CustomerID) > 5;