Scribd
Upload
14 views13 pages

Fallacies Group#4

Uploaded by

Abdullah Bilal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
14 views13 pages

Fallacies Group#4

Uploaded by

Abdullah Bilal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

Submitted to: Mam Madiha Masroor

Course name: Intoduction to Logic


Course code: FSC-111
Topic: Fallacies

Group # 04

 Ayesha Ejaz - 35
 Maryam Arif - 65
 Kashaf Farooq - 15
 Behman nadir - 07
 Hadia Zia - 17
 Laiba saleem - 38
FALLACIES
Logical fallacies are errors in reasoning where the premises
do not effectively support the conclusion, violating principles
of sound, critical thinking.

*Why It Matters:*

Understanding logical fallacies helps individuals evaluate arguments more


effectively, identify weaknesses in reasoning, and construct stronger
arguments. By avoiding these fallacies, one can engage in more productive
and rational discourse, leading to better decision-making and problem-
solving.
What is a logical fallacy?
- A logical fallacy is an error in reasoning where invalid arguments or irrelevant points are
made without evidence to support them.
- Logical fallacies are often used by people trying to persuade others, as fallacies can appear
to be correct even though they are not.
- Logical fallacies typically involve arguments with premises (supporting statements) and a
conclusion.
- In essence, a logical fallacy violates the principles of critical thinking by presenting a
conclusion that is not sufficiently supported by the provided premises.

There are two main types of mistakes in arguments:


. Factual errors in the premises which are not logical fallacies but simply incorrect facts.
. Premises that fail to logically support the conclusion, which is the hallmark of a logical
fallacy.
Types of Logical Fallacies

There are several ways to label and classify


fallacies, such as according to the
psychological reasons that lead people to use
them or according to similarity in their form.
Broadly speaking, there are two main types
of logical fallacy, depending on what kind of
reasoning error the argument contains:

• Informal logical fallacies


• Formal logical fallacies
Informal Fallacies: Formal Fallacies:

- These are flaws in the logical structure or


- These are flaws in the content or structure of
form of the argument, regardless of the
the argument, rather than issues with the logical
content.
form.

- Examples include affirming the consequent


- Examples include ad hominem, straw man,
, denying the antecedent, and invalid
slippery slope, appeal to emotion, false cause,
syllogisms
composition/division, and many others.

- Formal fallacies can be identified purely


- Informal fallacies typically involve the use of
based on the logical structure, without
rhetorical techniques or misleading language to
needing to evaluate the actual content.
make an argument appear stronger than it is.
What are common logical fallacies?

A logical fallacy may arise in any


form of communication, ranging from
debates to writing, but it may also crop
up in our own internal reasoning.

Here are some examples of common


fallacies that you may encounter in the
media, in essays, and in everyday
discussions.
 Red Herring Logical Fallacy:

Description: The red herring fallacy involves


diverting attention from the main issue by
introducing an irrelevant or unrelated topic or
argument.

Explanation: This fallacy attempts to distract


from the original argument by introducing a
separate issue that may be emotionally charged
or easier to argue.

Example: "We should focus on improving


education in our country." "But what about the
threat of terrorism? We need to be tough on
crime!"
 The Bandwagon Logical Fallacy:

Description: The bandwagon logical


fallacy is the flawed reasoning that
something is true or correct simply
because it is popular or widely believed.

Example: Claiming a new restaurant


must be good because everyone is
talking about it and going there.
 Straw Man Logical Fallacy:

Description:The straw man fallacy involves


misrepresenting or distorting an opponent's
argument to make it easier to attack or refute.

Explanation: By creating a weaker or


exaggerated version of the opponent's argument,
the fallacy allows one to attack a position that
was never actually held.

Example: "My opponent thinks we should


completely open the borders and let anyone in
without any screening or security measures."
 Slippery Slope Logical Fallacy:

Description: The slippery slope fallacy assumes


that a small initial action will lead to a chain of
increasingly dire consequences without providing
sufficient evidence to establish the causal link.

Explanation: This fallacy exaggerates the potential


consequences of a particular action or decision,
often without considering alternative outcomes or
mitigating factors.

Example: "If we allow same-sex marriage, then next


people will want to marry animals, and eventually
society will crumble."
 Hasty Generalization Logical Fallacy:

Description: The hasty generalization fallacy


(or jumping to conclusion) involves drawing a
broad conclusion based on insufficient or limited
evidence.

Explanation: This fallacy assumes that a small


sample or isolated incident is representative of an
entire population or situation, ignoring the need
for a more comprehensive analysis.

Example: "I met one person from that country,


and they were rude. Therefore, all people from
that country must be rude."
Conclusion:

Understanding and recognizing these common logical fallacies can


help you engage in more meaningful and productive discussions,
make better-informed decisions, and avoid falling victim to flawed
reasoning.
THANK YOU!

You might also like