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01 Application Layer

The document discusses application layer protocols including HTTP, FTP, DNS, DHCP, SMTP, POP, and IMAP. It describes the functions of these protocols and how they enable communication and the transfer of data over the internet and between applications.

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Suhani Pratap
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32 views14 pages

01 Application Layer

The document discusses application layer protocols including HTTP, FTP, DNS, DHCP, SMTP, POP, and IMAP. It describes the functions of these protocols and how they enable communication and the transfer of data over the internet and between applications.

Uploaded by

Suhani Pratap
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Application Layer

Unit- 5
Application, Presentation, and Session
Application Layer

• Theupper three layers of the OSI


model (application, presentation,
and session) define functions of the
TCP/IP application layer.
• The application layer provides the
interface between the applications
used to communicate, and the
underlying network over which
messages are transmitted.
• Some of the most widely known
application layer protocols include
HTTP, FTP, TFTP, IMAP and DNS.
Application, Presentation, and Session
Presentation and Session Layer
Application, Presentation, and Session
Presentation and Session Layer

The presentation layer has three primary functions:


• Formatting, or presenting, data at the source device into a compatible
format for receipt by the destination device
• Compressing data in a way that can be decompressed by the
destination device
• Encrypting data for transmission and decrypting data upon receipt
The session layer functions:
• It creates and maintains dialogs between source and destination
applications.
• It handles the exchange of information to initiate dialogs, keep them
active, and to restart sessions that are disrupted or idle for a long
period of time.
Application, Presentation, and Session
TCP/IP Application Layer Protocols

• The TCP/IP application protocols specify the format and control information necessary for many common
internet communication functions.
• Application layer protocols are used by both the source and destination devices during a communication
session.
• For the communications to be successful, the application layer protocols that are implemented on the
source and destination host must be compatible.
Name System Host Config Web
DNS - Domain Name DHCP - Dynamic Host HTTP - Hypertext Transfer
System (or Service) Configuration Protocol Protocol

• TCP, UDP client 53 • UDP client 68, server 67 • TCP 80, 8080
• Dynamically assigns IP • A set of rules for
• Translates domain addresses to be re-used exchanging text, graphic
names, such as when no longer needed images, sound, video,
cisco.com, into IP and other multimedia
addresses. files on the World Wide
Web
Web and Email Protocols​
Web and Email Protocols
Hypertext Transfer Protocol and Hypertext Markup Language

When a web address or Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is typed into a web
browser, the web browser establishes a connection to the web service. The
web service is running on the server that is using the HTTP protocol.
To better understand how the web browser and web server interact, examine
how a web page is opened in a browser.

Step 1
The browser interprets the three parts
of the URL:
• http (the protocol or scheme)
• www.cisco.com (the server name)
• index.html (the specific filename
requested)
Web and Email Protocols
Hypertext Transfer Protocol and Hypertext Markup Language (Cont.)

Step 2 Step 3
The browser then checks with a name server In response to the request, the
to convert www.cisco.com into a numeric IP server sends the HTML code for this
address, which it uses to connect to the server. web page to the browser.
The client initiates an HTTP request to a
server by sending a GET request to the server
and asks for the index.html file.
Web and Email Protocols
Hypertext Transfer Protocol and Hypertext Markup Language (Cont.)

Step 4
The browser deciphers the HTML code and formats the page for the
browser window.
Web and Email Protocols
HTTP and HTTPS

HTTP is a request/response protocol that


specifies the message types used for that
communication.
The three common message types are GET,
POST, and PUT:
• GET - This is a client request for
data. A client (web browser) sends
the GET message to the web
server to request HTML pages.
• POST - This uploads data files to
the web server, such as form data.
• PUT - This uploads resources or
content to the web server, such as
an image.

Note: HTTP is not a secure protocol. For secure communications sent


across the internet, HTTPS should be used.
Web and Email Protocols
Email Protocols

Email is a store-and-forward
method of sending, storing, and
retrieving electronic messages
across a network. Email messages
are stored in databases on mail
servers. Email clients
communicate with mail servers to
send and receive email.
The email protocols used for
operation are:
• Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol (SMTP) –
used to send mail.
• Post Office Protocol
(POP) & IMAP – used
for clients to receive
mail.
Web and Email Protocols
SMTP, POP and IMAP

• When a client sends email, the client


SMTP process connects with a server
SMTP process on well-known port 25.
• After the connection is made, the
client attempts to send the email to
the server across the connection.
• When the server receives the
message, it either places the message
in a local account, if the recipient is
local, or forwards the message to
another mail server for delivery.
• The destination email server may not
be online or may be busy. If so, SMTP
spools messages to be sent at a later
time. Note: SMTP message formats require a message header
(recipient email address & sender email address) and a
message body.
Web and Email Protocols
SMTP, POP and IMAP(Cont.)

POP is used by an application to retrieve mail from a mail server. When mail is
downloaded from the server to the client using POP the messages are then deleted on the
server.
• The server starts the POP
service by passively listening
on TCP port 110 for client
connection requests.
• When a client wants to make
use of the service, it sends a
request to establish a TCP
connection with the server.
• When the connection is
established, the POP server
sends a greeting.
• The client and POP server
then exchange commands and Note: Since POP does not store messages, it is not
responses until the connection recommended for small businesses that need a centralized
is closed or aborted. backup solution.
Web and Email Protocols
SMTP, POP and IMAP(Cont.)

IMAP is another protocol that


describes a method to retrieve
email messages.
• Unlike POP, when a user
connects to an IMAP server,
copies of the messages are
downloaded to the client
application. The original
messages are kept on the server
until manually deleted.
• When a user decides to delete a
message, the server
synchronizes that action and
deletes the message from the
server.

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