BIOCHEMICAL METHODS USED
IN PROTEIN PURIFICATION AND
CHARACTERIZATION
Working with proteins
Classical methods for separating proteins take advantage
of properties that vary from one protein to the next
1. Crude extract (tissues or microbial cells)
2. Separation and purification of individual components
3. Protein characterization (molecular mass, amino acid
composition and sequence)
Purification techniques
1. based on molecular size
- dialysis and ultrafiltration
- density gradient centrifugation
- size-exclusion chromatography)
2. based on solubility of proteins
- izoelectric precipitation
- salting out
3. based on electric charge
- ion-exchange chromatography
- electrophoresis
1. Separation procedures based on molecular size
Dialysis and ultrafiltration
Procedures, that separate proteins from small
solutes.
Pressure force
Membrane enclosing the protein solution
is semipermeable, allows the exchange water
and small solutes (glucose, salts) pass through
the membrane freely but protein do not.
Density gradient (zonal) centrifugation
method for separation Test tube with sucrose gradient
mixtures of proteins by
centrifugation
proteins in solution tend to
sediment at high centrifugal
fields
in continuous density
gradient of sucrose
Separated and
macromolecule sediment down
concentrated
at its own rate
protein
the rate of sedimentation is
determined by weight, density
and shape of macromolecule
What is the columne chromatography
Chromatographic column (plastic or
glass) include a solid, porous material
(matrix) supported inside – stationary
phase.
A solution – the mobile phase - flows
through the matrix (stationary phase).
The solution that pass out of the
bottom is constantly replaced from a
reservoir.
The protein solution migrates through
column.
They are retarded to different degrees
by their interactions with the matrix
material.
Size exclusion chromatography (gel filtration)
Method uses porous particles to separate
molecules of different size
mixture of proteins dissolved in suitable buffer, is allowed to flow
by gravity down a column
column is packed with beads of inert polymeric material
(polysacchride agarose derivative, polyacrylamide derivative),
Sephadex, Sephacryl
very large molecules cannot penetrate into the pores of the beads,
the small molecules enter the pores
large molecules are excluded and small proteins are retarded
To calibrate the column, proteins A, B
and C of known molecular weight are
allowed to pass through the column.
Their peak elution volumes are plotted
against the logarithm of the molecular
weight.
Molecular weight of unknown protein
can be extrapolated
2. Separation procedures based on solubility
Isoelectric precipitation
Protein itself can be either positively or negatively charged overall due to
the terminal amine -NH2 and carboxyl (-COOH) groups and the groups on the
side chain.
Protein is positively charged at low pH and negatively charged at high pH.
The intermediate pH at which a protein molecule has a net charge of zero is
called the isoelectric point of that protein - pI
Protein is the least soluble when the pH of the solution is at its isoelectric
point.
Different proteins have different pI values and can be separated by
isoelectric precipitation
Effect of pH and salt concentration on the solubility of protein
Solubility is at a minimum at pH 5.2 to 5.3
Salting out
Neutral salts influence the solubility of globular proteins.
Hhydrophilic amino acid interact with the molecules of H 2O, allow proteins to form
hydrogen bonds with the surrounding water molecules.
Increasing salt concentrationn: attracted of the water molecules by the salt ions, which
decreases the number of water molecules available to interact with protein. Increasing
ionic strength decrease solubility of a protein.
In general:
a) small proteins more soluble than large proteins
b) the larger the number of charged side chains, the more soluble the protein
c) proteins usually least soluble at their isoelectric points.
Sufficiently high ionic strength completely precipitate a protein from solution.
Divalent salts [MgCl2, (NH4)SO4] are far more effective than monovalent (NaCl)
3. Separation procedures based on
electric charge
Methods depend on acid-base properties, determined by
number and types of ionizable groups of amino acids.
Each protein has distinctive acid-base properties related to
amino acid composition.
Ionizing side chain groups:
R-COOH (Glu, Asp)
imidazole (His)
phenolic OH (Tyr)
-amino (Lys)
guanidinyl (Arg)
Electrophoretic methods
negatively charged proteins move towards the anode
positively charged proteins move towards the cathode
Zone electrophoresis
much simple
much greater resolution
require small sample
Protein solution on the buffer (pH 8.6) is immobilized in a solid
support (inert material like cellulose acetate)
Stripe of cellulose acetate
Electrophoresis
Major protein components
separate into discrete zones
Densitometer tracing density of
zones is proportional
to the amount of protein
Ion-exchange chromatography
Material is synthetically prepared derivatives of cellulose
diethylaminoethylcellulose (DEAE-cellulose)
carboxymethylcellulose (CM-cellulose)
• DEAE-cellulose contains (+) charges (pH 7.0)
anion exchanger
• CM-cellulose contains (-) charges (pH 7.0)
cathion exchanger
•Example in figure is cation
exchange chromatography --
column packing beads have
covalently attached negatively
charged groups
•Negatively charged solutes move
down the column more or less
without sticking, so they elute first.
•Positively charged solutes bind, and
the higher the positive charge on a
molecule, the tighter it binds, so the
later it elutes.
Example :
At pH 7.5 of the mobile phase to be used on the columne, peptide A has
a net charge of –3 (presence of more Glu a Asp residues). Peptide B has
net charge +1. Which peptide would elute first from cation-exchange
resin? Which peptide would elute first from anion-exchange resin?
A cation-exchange resin has negative charges and binds
positively charged molecules – B will be retarded and
A will elute first
An anion-exchange resin has positive charge and binds
negatively charged molecules – A will be retarded
B will elute first
Afinity chromatography
Ligand specifically recognized by the
protein of interest is covalently attached to
the column material (Agarose, sephadex, derivatives
of cellulose, or other polymers can be used as the matrix).
Example:
immunoaffinity chromatography: an antibody
specific for a protein is immobilized on the
column and used to affinity purify the
specific protein.
Buffers containing a high concentration of salts and/or
low pH are often used to disrupt the noncovalent
interactions between antibodies and antigen. A
denaturing agent, such as 8 M urea, will also break the
interaction by altering the configuration of the antigen-
binding site of the antibody molecule.
Gel electrophoresis
Gel electrophoresis is a method that separates macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids) on
the basis of size, and electric charge.
Polyacryl amide or agarose gels are stabilizing media.
SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) – ionic surfactant, anionic substance.
Anions of SDS bind to peptide chain and protein is negatively charged, moves to anode.
RecA protein of
Escherichia coli
Estimating protein molecular weight from SDS gel electrophoresis
a) Diagram of a stained SDS gel: standards of known molecular weight (lane 1) and
pure protein of unknown M.W. in lane 2
b) "standard curve" (calibration) to relate M.W. to mobility on THIS GEL
