4 Integrals

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Indefinite Integral

2
Indefinite Integral
Definition of a Indefinite Integral: If F’(x)=f(x) then F(x) is called an
antiderivative or an indefinite integral of f(x).
In other words, if the derivative of F(x) is f(x) then an antiderivative or an
indefinite integral of f(x) is F(x)

Notation:

Therefore,

 f  x  dx  F  x  means F x   f x 

3
Indefinite Integrals
1 Table of Indefinite Integrals

4
Indefinite Integrals
2 Tables of Rules of Indefinite Integrals

Constant multiple rule

Sum rule
Product rule
Substitution rule

5
Constant Multiple Rule

6
Constant Multiple Rule

∫ 𝑐𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥=𝑐 ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥

7
Sum Rule

8
Sum Rule

∫ [ 𝑓 (𝑥)±𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥=∫ ∫
𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥± 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

9
Product Rule

10
 Constant Multiple Rule

[∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )𝑔 (𝑥 )] 𝑑𝑥=𝑓 (𝑥 )∫ 𝑔 ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥−∫ ( 𝑓 ′(𝑥)∫ 𝑔 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

11
Substitution Rule

12
Substitution rule

13
Rational functions

14
 Rational Function
𝑃 (𝑥)
A function of form is called a rational function where
𝑄(𝑥)

𝑃 ( 𝑥)∧𝑄( 𝑥 ) are polynomials.

Example: Proper rational function

Improper rational function

• g

Improper rational function

15
Some important facts about rational functions
• The sum of two proper rational functions is a proper rational
function
• A proper rational function can always be decomposed into
proper partial fractions
• A polynomial of degree more than two, is always factorable on
the real line.
𝑆(𝑥)
• If a rational function is not proper than we can write it as
𝑇 (𝑥 )
𝑅 ( 𝑥)
𝑄 ( 𝑥 )+
𝑇 (𝑥)
where 𝑄 ( 𝑥 ) is the quotient and 𝑅 ( 𝑥 ) is the remainder.
16
 How to integrate proper rational function

1. Do the partial decomposition

2. Integrate

17
 How to integrate improper rational function
1. Write the improper rational fraction as sum of a polynomial and
a proper rational function
2. Do the partial fraction decomposition of the proper rational
function
3. Integrate

18
 How to decomposition into partial fraction

1. Factor the denominator

2. Write the appropriate form
FACTOR Partial Decomposition

19
 How to decomposition into partial fraction

3. Find the coefficients , , , , … …

I. Multiply both sides by the denominator
II. Then
i. Put different values of x or
ii. equate the coefficients

4. Write the partial decomposition using , , , , … …

20
Example: Decompose into partial fractions

21
Example1:
Decompose into partial fractions:
𝑥 +2
2
2 𝑥 − 𝑥 −1

22
Example1
Solution1: 2
2 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 1=(2 𝑥 +1)( 𝑥 − 1)

Let
𝑥+2 𝐴 𝐵
= +
(2 𝑥+ 1)( 𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 −1 2 𝑥+ 1

Then

𝑥+2 𝐴 𝐵
( 2 𝑥 +1)( 𝑥 −1)= (2 𝑥+1)( 𝑥 − 1)+ (2 𝑥+1)( 𝑥 − 1)
(2 𝑥+ 1)( 𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 −1 2 𝑥+1

23
Example1
𝑥+2 𝐴 𝐵
( 2 𝑥 +1)( 𝑥 −1)= (2 𝑥+1)( 𝑥 − 1)+ (2 𝑥+1)( 𝑥 − 1)
(2 𝑥+ 1)( 𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 −1 2 𝑥+1

𝑥+ 2= 𝐴 (2 𝑥+ 1)+ 𝐵( 𝑥 −1)

By putting x=1 we get,

A1

24
Example1
𝑥+ 2= 𝐴 (2 𝑥+ 1)+ 𝐵( 𝑥 −1)

By putting x=-1/2 we get,

3
2
= 𝐴 ∙ 0+ 𝐵 ( −
3
2 )
B

Therefore,

𝑥+2 1 1
= −
(2 𝑥+ 1)( 𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 −1 2 𝑥+1

25
Example1
Solution2: 2
2 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 1=(2 𝑥 +1)( 𝑥 − 1)

Let
𝑥+2 𝐴 𝐵
= +
(2 𝑥+ 1)( 𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 −1 2 𝑥+ 1

Then

𝑥+2 𝐴 𝐵
( 2 𝑥 +1)( 𝑥 −1)= (2 𝑥+1)( 𝑥 − 1)+ (2 𝑥+1)( 𝑥 − 1)
(2 𝑥+ 1)( 𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 −1 2 𝑥+1

26
Example1
𝑥+2 𝐴 𝐵
( 2 𝑥 +1)( 𝑥 −1)= (2 𝑥+1)( 𝑥 − 1)+ (2 𝑥+1)( 𝑥 − 1)
(2 𝑥+ 1)( 𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 −1 2 𝑥+1

𝑥+ 2= 𝐴 (2 𝑥+ 1)+ 𝐵( 𝑥 −1)

𝑥+ 2=2 𝐴 𝑥 + 𝐴+ 𝐵𝑥 − 𝐵

𝑥+ 2=(2 𝐴+ 𝐵) 𝑥+ 𝐴 − 𝐵

By equating the coefficients of 𝑥 we get,

1= 2 𝐴 + 𝐵 (1 )

By equating the coefficients of 𝑥 0 we get,

2= 𝐴 − 𝐵 (2 )
27
Example1
We have two equations and two unknowns.

1= 2 𝐴 + 𝐵 (1 )
2= 𝐴− 𝐵 (2 )

By adding equation (1) and equation (2) we get,

3=3 𝐴
1

By putting A=1 in equation (2) can find the value of B

2=1− 𝐵
B=−1 28
Example1
Therefore,

𝑥+2 1 1
= −
(2 𝑥+ 1)( 𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 −1 2 𝑥+1

29
Example2:
Decompose into partial fractions:
2
𝑥 − 4 𝑥+1
3
𝑥 +1

30
Example2
Solution1:𝑥 3+ 1=( 𝑥 +1 )( 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 +1 )

Let
2
𝑥 − 4 𝑥+ 1 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
= + 2
( 𝑥 +1) (𝑥 − 𝑥+1) 𝑥+1 𝑥 − 𝑥+ 1
2

Then by multiplying both sides by ( we get,

2 2
𝑥 − 4 𝑥 +1= 𝐴 ( 𝑥 − 𝑥 +1)+( 𝐵𝑥 +𝐶 )( 𝑥+ 1)

31
 Example2
2 2
𝑥 − 4 𝑥 +1= 𝐴 ( 𝑥 − 𝑥 +1)+( 𝐵 𝑥 +𝐶 )( 𝑥+1)
By putting x= -1 we get,

A
By putting x= 0 we get,

1= 𝐴+ 𝐶

C=− 1 32
Example2
2 2
𝑥 − 4 𝑥 +1= 𝐴 ( 𝑥 − 𝑥 +1)+( 𝐵 𝑥 +𝐶 )( 𝑥+1)
By putting x= 1 we get,

1 − 4+1= 𝐴 ( 1 − 1+1 ) +( 𝐵 + 𝐶) ∙2

-2

-2

33
Example2
Therefore
2
𝑥 − 4 𝑥+ 1 2 𝑥+ 1
= − 2
( 𝑥 +1) (𝑥 − 𝑥+1) 𝑥+1 𝑥 − 𝑥+1
2

34
Example2
Solution 2: 3 2
𝑥 + 1=( 𝑥 +1 )( 𝑥 − 𝑥 +1 )

Let
2
𝑥 − 4 𝑥+ 1 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
= + 2
( 𝑥 +1) (𝑥 − 𝑥+1) 𝑥+1 𝑥 − 𝑥+ 1
2

Then by multiplying both sides by ( we get,

2 2
𝑥 − 4 𝑥 +1= 𝐴 ( 𝑥 − 𝑥 +1)+( 𝐵𝑥 +𝐶 )( 𝑥+ 1)

35
 Example2
2 2
𝑥 − 4 𝑥 +1= 𝐴 ( 𝑥 − 𝑥 +1)+( 𝐵𝑥 +𝐶 )( 𝑥+ 1)
2 2 2
𝑥 − 4 𝑥 +1= 𝐴 𝑥 − 𝐴 𝑥 + 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝑥 + ( 𝐵+ 𝐶 ) 𝑥+ 𝐶
2 2
𝑥 − 4 𝑥 +1=( 𝐴 + 𝐵 ) 𝑥 +(− 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶) 𝑥+ 𝐴 + 𝐶
By equating the coefficients of 𝑥2,𝑥∧¿ we get,

1= 𝐴+ 𝐵 (1 )
− 4=− 𝐴+ 𝐵+ 𝐶 (2 )

1= 𝐴+ 𝐶 (3 )

By solving equation (1), (2) and (3) we get

𝐴=2, 𝐵=−1 ,∧𝐶=− 1
36
Example2
Therefore
2
𝑥 − 4 𝑥+ 1 2 𝑥+ 1
= − 2
( 𝑥 +1) (𝑥 − 𝑥+1) 𝑥+1 𝑥 − 𝑥+1
2

37
Example3:
Decompose into partial fractions:
3 2
3 𝑥 −5 𝑥 +𝑥 −1
( 𝑥 −1 ) ( 𝑥 2+1 )
2

38
Example3
Solution:

Let
3 2
3 𝑥 −5 𝑥 + 𝑥 −1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
= + +
2
( 2
( 𝑥 − 1 ) 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑥 −1 ( 𝑥 − 1 ) 2
𝑥
2
+1

Then by multiplying both sides by ( 𝑥 − 1 ) 2( 𝑥 2 +1 )we get,

()

39
Example3
()

By putting x= 1 we get,

3 −5 +1− 1= 𝐴 ∙ 0+ 𝐵 ∙ 2+( 𝐶+ 𝐷)∙ 0

−1=𝐵

By putting x= 0 we get,

−1=− 𝐴+ 𝐵+ 𝐷

𝐴 − 𝐵− 𝐷=1

40
Example3
()

By putting x= -1 we get,

−3 − 5 −1 −1=− 4 𝐴+ 2 𝐵 − 4 𝐶+ 4 𝐷

−10=− 4 𝐴+ 2 𝐵 − 4 𝐶 + 4 𝐷

2 𝐴− 𝐵+2 𝐶 − 2 𝐷=5

41
Example3
()

By putting x=2 we get,

24 − 20+ 2−1=5 𝐴 +5 𝐵+2 𝐶 + 𝐷

5=5 𝐴 − 5+2 𝐶 + 𝐷

5 𝐴+5 𝐵+2 𝐶 + 𝐷=5

42
Example3
We have four equations,

𝐵=−1

𝐴 − 𝐵− 𝐷=1

2 𝐴− 𝐵+2 𝐶 − 2 𝐷=5

5 𝐴+5 𝐵+2 𝐶 + 𝐷=5

By solving these four equations we get,

𝐴=1 , 𝐵= − 1 , 𝐶=2 ∧ 𝐷 =1

43
Example3
Therefore,

3 2
3 𝑥 −5 𝑥 + 𝑥 −1 1 1 2 𝑥 +1
= − + 2
( 𝑥 − 1 ) ( 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑥 −1 ( 𝑥 − 1 )
2 2 2
𝑥 +1

44
Example4:
Decompose into partial fractions:
5 4 2
𝑥 +𝑥 +2𝑥
( 𝑥 +1) ( 𝑥 +1 )
2

45
Example4
Solution:

Let
5 4 2
𝑥 +𝑥 +2𝑥 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 2
= + + 𝐷 𝑥 + 𝐸𝑥 + 𝐹
( 𝑥 +1) ( 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑥+1
2 2
𝑥 +1

Then by multiplying both sides by ( 𝑥 + 1) ( 𝑥 2 +1 we

) get,

()

46
Example4
()

By putting x= - 1 we get,

−1+1+ 2= 𝐴 ∙ 2
𝐴=1
By equating the coefficients of , we get
𝐷=1

By equating the coefficients of , we get

𝐷 + 𝐸= 1
1+ 𝐸 =1
0
47
 Example4
()

By equating the coefficients of , we get

0=𝐷 + 𝐸+ 𝐹

0=1+ 0+ 𝐹
𝐹 =− 1
By equating the coefficients of , we get

2= 𝐴+ 𝐵+ 𝐷+ 𝐸 + 𝐹
2=1+ 𝐵 +1+ 0− 1
𝐵=1

48
Example4
()

By equating the coefficients of , we get

0= 𝐴 +𝐶 + 𝐹
0=1+ 𝐶 −1
C =0

49
Example4
Therefore,
5 4 2
𝑥 +𝑥 +2𝑥 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+ 𝐶 2
= + 2 + 𝐷 𝑥 + 𝐸𝑥 + 𝐹
( 𝑥 +1) ( 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑥+1
2
𝑥 +1

5 4 2
𝑥 +𝑥 +2𝑥 1 𝑥 2
= + + 𝑥 −1
( 𝑥 +1) ( 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑥+1 𝑥 +1
2 2

50
Example5:
Evaluate:
𝑥+2
∫ 2 𝑥2 −𝑥−1 𝑑 𝑥

51
 Example5:
Solution: In example 1, we find the partial decomposition of this
rational function
𝑥+2 1 1
= −
(2 𝑥+ 1)( 𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 −1 2 𝑥+1

Therefore,

𝑥+2 1 1
∫ 2 𝑥2 − 𝑥 −1 𝑑 𝑥=∫ 𝑥 −1 − 2 𝑥 +1 𝑑𝑥
1
¿ ln| 𝑥 −1|− ln |2 𝑥+1|+𝐶 52
2
Example6:
Evaluate:
2
𝑥 − 4 𝑥+1
∫ 𝑥 3 +1 𝑑𝑥

53
Example6

Solution: In example 2, we find the partial decomposition of this

rational function

2
𝑥 − 4 𝑥+ 1 2 𝑥+ 1
= − 2
( 𝑥 +1) (𝑥 − 𝑥+1) 𝑥+1 𝑥 − 𝑥+1
2

2
Therefore, 𝑥 − 4 𝑥+ 1 2 𝑥+ 1
∫ 𝑥 3 +1 𝑑𝑥=∫ 𝑥 +1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 +1 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥 +1
¿∫ 𝑑𝑥 −∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1 𝑥 − 𝑥+1 54
Example6
But,
2
∫ 𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥=2ln ⁡∨ 𝑥+1∨¿
And
𝑥 +1 𝑥+1
∫ 𝑑𝑥=∫ 𝑑𝑥 Complete
( )
2 2
𝑥 − 𝑥 +1 1 3 the square
𝑥− +
2 4

1
𝑢+ + 1 Let
2
¿∫ 𝑑𝑢
2 3 Then
𝑢 + 55
4
Example6
1
𝑢+ + 1
2
¿∫ 𝑑𝑢
2 3
𝑢 +
4
3
𝑢 2
¿∫ 𝑑 𝑢+∫ 𝑑𝑢
2 3 2 3
𝑢 + 𝑢 +
4 4

1 1 3 1
¿ ∫ 𝑑𝑣+ ∫ 𝑑𝑢 Let
2 𝑣 2 2 3
𝑢 + Then
4

56
Example6
1 1 3 1
¿ ∫ 𝑑𝑣+ ∫ 𝑑𝑢
2 𝑣 2 2 3
𝑢 +
4

( )
1 3 1 𝑢
¿ ln|𝑣|+ ∙ tan −1 +𝐶
2 2 √3 √3
2 2

1
¿ ln ( 𝑥 − 𝑥+ 1 ) + √ 3 tan
2
2
( √3)
−1 2 𝑥 −1
+𝐶

57
 Example6
Therefore,

2
𝑥 − 4 𝑥+ 1 2 𝑥+ 1
∫ 𝑥 3 +1 𝑑𝑥=∫ 𝑥 +1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 +1 𝑑𝑥

58
Example7:
Evaluate:
4 3 2
2 𝑥 − 5 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 10 𝑥 −2
∫ 2
𝑥 −1
𝑑𝑥

59
Example7
Solution: 𝑥 2 − 1 =( 𝑥 − 1) ( 𝑥 +1 )

Let
4 3 2
2 𝑥 −5 𝑥 − 𝑥 +10 𝑥 − 2 𝐴 𝐵 2
= + + 𝐶 𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥+ 𝐸
2
𝑥 −1 𝑥 − 1 𝑥+ 1

By multiplying both sides by we get,

4 3 2 2 2
2 𝑥 − 5 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 10 𝑥 − 2= 𝐴 ( 𝑥+ 1 ) + 𝐵 ( 𝑥 − 1 ) +( 𝐶 𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥+ 𝐸 )( 𝑥 − 1)

60
Example7
4 3 2 2 2
2 𝑥 − 5 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 10 𝑥 − 2= 𝐴 ( 𝑥+ 1 ) + 𝐵 ( 𝑥 − 1 ) +( 𝐶 𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥+ 𝐸 )( 𝑥 −1)

By putting x=1 we get,

2 − 5 − 1 +10 − 2= 𝐴 ∙ 2
4
A

61
Example7
4 3 2 2 2
2 𝑥 − 5 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 10 𝑥 − 2= 𝐴 ( 𝑥+ 1 ) + 𝐵 ( 𝑥 − 1 ) +( 𝐶 𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥+ 𝐸 )( 𝑥 −1)

By putting x= -1 we get,
2 +5 − 1 − 10 − 2= 𝐵 ∙ ( − 2 )
−6= 𝐵∙( −2)
B =3

62
Example7
4 3 2 2 2
2 𝑥 − 5 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 10 𝑥 − 2= 𝐴 ( 𝑥+ 1 ) + 𝐵 ( 𝑥 − 1 ) +( 𝐶 𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥+ 𝐸 )( 𝑥 −1)

By putting x= 0 we get,
−2= 𝐴 − 𝐵− 𝐸
− 2 =2 − 3 − 𝐸
1

63
Example7
4 3 2 2 2
2 𝑥 − 5 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 10 𝑥 − 2= 𝐴 ( 𝑥+ 1 ) + 𝐵 ( 𝑥 − 1 ) +( 𝐶 𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥+ 𝐸 )( 𝑥 −1)

By equating the coefficients of 𝑥 4 we get,

2 =𝐶
By equating the coefficients of 𝑥 3
we get,
−5=𝐷

64
 Example7

4 3 2
2 𝑥 −5 𝑥 − 𝑥 +10 𝑥 − 2 𝐴 𝐵 2
= + + 𝐶 𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥+ 𝐸
2
𝑥 −1 𝑥 − 1 𝑥+ 1

4 3 2
2 𝑥 −5 𝑥 − 𝑥 +10 𝑥 − 2 2 3 2
= + + 2 𝑥 −5 𝑥 +1
2
𝑥 −1 𝑥 − 1 𝑥+ 1

65
 Example7

4 3 2
2 𝑥 − 5 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 10 𝑥 −2
∫ 2
𝑥 −1
𝑑𝑥

∫( 2
+
3
𝑥 − 1 𝑥 +1
2
+ 2 𝑥 − 5 𝑥 +1 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 3 5 2
¿ 2 ln |𝑥 −1|+ 3 ln |𝑥+ 1|+ 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 +𝐶
3 2

66