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14 views12 pages

CH 1

Uploaded by

Teme Teme
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Surface Water Hydrology

GAMBELLA University

Collage of Engineering and Technology

department of Water Resources & Irrigation

Engineering
Tutorial outline
 Introduction

 Precipitation

 Evaporation and transpiration

 Infiltration

 Rainfall-Runoff relation ship

 Frequency Analysis

 Flood routing

 Reservoirs

 Urban Hydrology
Introduction

 Water is vital for all living organisms on Earth.

 For centuries, people have been investigating where


water comes from and where it goes, why some of it is
salty and some is fresh, why sometimes there is not
enough and sometimes too much.
 All questions and answers related to water have been
grouped together into a discipline.
Introduction……
 The name of the discipline is hydrology and is formed by
two Greek words: "hydro" and "logos" meaning "water" and
"science".
• What is Hydrology?
 It is a science of water.
 It is the science that deals with the occurrence,
circulation and distribution of water of the earth and
earth’s atmosphere.
 A good understanding of the hydrologic processes is
important for the assessment of the water resources,
their management and conservation on global and
regional scales
Distribution of water on Earth
1.2 Hydrologic Cycle

 Water exists on the earth in all its three states, viz.


liquid, solid, gaseous and in various degrees of motion.
Hydrologic cycle….

 Water, irrespective of different states, involves


dynamic aspect in nature.
 The dynamic nature of water, the existence of water
in various state with different hydrological process
result in a very important natural phenomenon called
Hydrologic cycle.
Hydrologic cycle….
 Evaporation from
water bodies
 Water vapor moves
upwards
 Cloud formation
 Condensation
 Precipitate
 Interception
 Transpiration
 Infiltration
 Runoff–stream flow
 Deep percolation
 Groundwater flow
Hydrologic cycle….
 The hydrologic cycle has importance influence in a
variety of fields agriculture, forestry, geography,
economics, sociology, and political scene.
 Engineering application of the knowledge are found in
the design and operation of the projects dealing with
water supply, hydropower, irrigation & drainage, flood
control, navigation, coastal work, various hydraulic
structure works, salinity control and recreational use of
water.
1.3 Water Balance

 The water balance represents the hydrological gains and losses of a given
system (reservoir, column of soil, aquifer, river basin etc.) over a specific
period.
 The water balance is some times referred as water budget.
 Hydrologic budget is a qualitative evaluation of the total water gained or
lost from a given hydrological system during a specific period of time.
 It considers all water, whether surface or groundwater, entering, leaving,
or stored within the system
 For a given problem area , say a catchment, in an interval of ∆t, the
continuity equation for water in its various phases is written as:

Mass Inflow – Mass outflow = change in mass storage


Water Balance……
 While realizing all the terms in a hydrological water
budget may not be known to the same degree of
accuracy , an expression for the water budget of a
catchment for a time interval ∆t is written as

P-R-G-E-T=∆S
Where
P : Precipitation
R : Surface runoff
G : Net groundwater flow out of the catchment
E : Evaporation
T : Transpiration
∆S : Change in storage
Water Balance …
 A watershed is defined as any surface area from which
runoff resulting from rainfall is collected and drained
through a common confluence point.
 The term is synonymous with a drainage basin or
catchment area.

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