Unit 7: STATISTICS

INTRODUCTION

 The word statistics comes from the Italian word "Statista" meaning statesman (a person

who actively participated in conducting about something).

 Statistics is a branch of mathematical science, and is concerned with the development and

application of methods and techniques for the collection, organization, analysis and

interpretation of quantitative data (in singular sense).

 Data is different types of information such as facts, figures and numbers used to analyze

something or make decisions.

 7.1 Types of Data
Data can be classified into two types:
A. Quantitative data and
B. Qualitative data.
Quantitative data is the type of data whose value is measured in the form of
numbers or counts with a unique numerical values of each
data set.
Examples: Height, weight, income, width, pressure, distance, number
of students, IQ, etc. are quantitative data.
Qualitative data is non-numerical data or cannot measured in number that
simply describing properties of the objects.
Examples: Honesty, intelligence, efficiency, religion, gender and social
status are qualitative data.
 Cont…
 Quantitative data can be measured in terms of whole number values .
Depending on this, quantitative data can be classified as discrete or
continuous data.
 Discrete data is one which takes only whole number values and
usually obtained by counting. There is a gap b/n values.
Examples: Number of students in a class (41), number of chairs in a room
(100), and number of houses along a street(400).
 Continuous data is one which takes all real values between two given real
values. They can take fractional or decimal values.
Examples: weight of students (49.73kg), length of a road(6.5km), temperature
of a room(14.5 ).
 cont...
 Variables are the characteristics of a unit being observed that may
assume more than one of the set of values to which a numerical
measure can be assigned and denoted by letters such as x, y, z,...

Examples: height, weight, age of students, distance, class

attendance , climate, etc. are variables.
 Cont.…
Work in
Class work group

Q1. Describe the difference b/n qualitative and

quantitative data as well as discrete and continuous data?
Q2. Give your own examples of qualitative and
quantitative data as well as discrete and continuous data?
Homework : Exercise 7.1
7.2 Introduction to Grouped Data
1. Grouped data is data formed by aggregating individual observations
of a variable into groups
2. Frequency distribution is a table or graph which shows the list of all
values of data obtained and the number of times these values occur
(frequency).
Class activity
1. Prepare a frequency distribution table for the following data.

12,21,21,3,9,3,6,12,13,21,15,22,3,6,9,9,21,22,15,13,15,
9,15, 6,15,13,6,9,13,22.
 Answer

Values of data Frequency

3 3
6 4
9 5
12 2
13 4
15 5
21 4
22 3
Total 30
 7.2.1 Grouped Discrete Data
1. Grouped discrete data is discrete data that has been grouped into
categories (groups).
2. Grouped frequency distribution is the organization of raw data in
table form using classes and frequencies for the purpose of
summarizing a large amount of data.
3. Class interval/size is the numerical width of any class in a particular
distributions.
4. Class limit is the minimum and the maximum value in the class
interval or the first and the last elements of a given class interval
5. Class width (w) is the difference b/n the upper and lower class limit
of any class.
Steps to prepare a grouped frequency distribution table

1. Determine number of classes required (usually between 5 and 20).

2. Approximate the interval of each class or class width using the
following formula:
Class width(w) =
Note: If the calculated class width is not a whole number, round up.
 Assessment
Work
Class work in
group

Q1. The following data shows the marks of 20 students in mathematics.

5,10,20,15,5,20,20,15,15,15,10,10,10,20,15,5,18,18,18,18.
a. Construct a grouped frequency distribution with 6 classes.
b. What is the frequency of 4th class
c. What is the lower limit and the upper limit of 2 nd class
 Answer
Class width(w) = = = 2.5
Marks of 20 students Tally Number of students
( class interval) (frequency)
5-7 3

8-10 4

11-13 0

14-16 5

17-19 4

20-22 4

Total 20
 Work the following problem in EQC
1. The following are scores of 40 students in a statistics exam.
50 72 56 31 48 33 56 54 41 35
22 76 32 66 56 38 48 36 44 46
36 49 51 59 62 41 36 50 41 42
50 50 49 60 36 46 42 42 47 62
a. Prepare a grouped frequency distribution, using 8 as class width.
b. How many classes do we have?
c. What is the lower class limit of the second class?
d. What is the upper class limit of the second class?
e. What is the frequency of the first class?
ANSWER TO THE PROBLEM
Class width=
⇒ number of classes= =
Frequency distribution table is

Scores (class interval) Frequency

22 - 29
30 – 37
38 – 45
46 - 53
54 - 61
62 - 69
70 - 77
LESSON II
Cumulative frequency is the total of a frequency and all frequencies
in a frequency distribution until a certain defined class interval.
Cumulative frequency distribution is a form of frequency that
represents frequency distribution.
 A cumulative frequency distribution is constructed by either
successively adding the frequencies of each class called “less than
cumulative frequency” or by subtracting the frequency of each class
from the total successively called “more than cumulative
frequency”.
 Example
The following data represents the number of patients that a doctor visits
per day for 150 working days.
 CONT….
1. Determine the frequency of each
Number of
patients (class
Number of Cumulative
visiting days (f) frequency(Cf)
classes?
limit) 2. Determine the cumulative frequency
0-5 49 49
distribution of each classes?
6 - 11 66 115
12 - 17 16 131
3. What is the cumulative frequency at
18 - 23 15 146
the 4th class?
24 - 29 4 150 4. How many patients are visited below
18?
5. What is the frequency of the 2nd class?
7.2.2 Grouped continuous data

1. Grouped continuous data is a continuous data that has been grouped

into categories (groups).
2. Class mark ( Mid point) is the average of the upper and lower class
limits or the average of the lower and upper boundaries of the class.
That is, Class mark (
3. The correction factor is half the difference between the upper class
limit of a class and the lower class limit of the subsequent class.
4. Class boundaries is obtained by adding the correction factor to the
upper limits of each class and subtracting from the lower class limits
of each class.
Steps for constructing frequency distribution

1. Determine number of classes required

2. Approximate the interval of each class or class width using the
formula:
Class width(w) =
 Example ( Group work)

1. The following are yield in quintals of wheat harvested by thirty farmers per
hectare.
42 39 26 18 22 52 24 12 24 32
48 16 33 28 29 30 56 16 36 62
24 38 16 14 32 19 21 30 78 54
a. Prepare a grouped frequency distribution, using 10 classes.
b. Determine the cumulative frequency distribution.
c. Calculate the class mark of the classes.
d. What is the class mark of the second class?
e. Find the difference between the class marks of the eighth and ninth classes.
f. What is the frequency of the seventh class?
 Answer
Let x be yield of wheat in quintals
Class intervals Class Mark Frequency Cf
12 15.5 6 6
19 22.5 6 12
26 29.5 7 19
33 36.5 4 23
40 43.5 1 24
47 50.5 2 26
54 57.5 2 28
61 64.5 1 29
68 71.5 0 29
75 78.5 1 30
Graphical Representation of grouped Data
Representation of data can be by:
 Tables
 Histogram and
 Frequency Polygon graph.
Histogram A histogram is a graphical representation of a grouped frequency
distribution with continuous classes. It is an area diagram and can
be defined as a set of rectangles with bases along with the intervals
between class boundaries and with areas proportional to frequencies in the
corresponding classes.
Histogram (No gaps between bars)
Frequency polygon is a graph constructed by using lines to join midpoints of each
interval or bin (range group)
In case, the frequency placed along vertical axis and classes mid point placed along
the horizontal axis.
Steps to construct histogram, and frequency polygon
1. Draw and label x-axis and y-axis
2. Choose an appropriate scale for frequencies, or c.f
and assign it on y-axis
3. Represent the class boundaries for histogram and the
mid points for polygon on the x- axis.
4. Plot the points.
5. Draw the bars or lines to connect the points.
 Example
Q1. Construct a histogram, and frequency polygon for data shown in the
table below. Let x be the height of students.
Height( in cm) Number of students
140 7
146 9
152 x < 158 8
158 4
164 2
 Group work in class
Question: The following table gives the lifetime of 400 neon lamps.
Draw the histogram for the below data.
Lifetime (in hours) Number of lamps

300 – 400 14

400 – 500 56

500 – 600 60

600 – 700 86

700 – 800 74

800 – 900 62

900 – 1000 48
Solution