Introduction to Databases

Agenda
• Drawbacks of file system

• Introduction to databases and data models

• Data processing and applications of databases

Drawbacks of File System
Agenda
• Initially used file system

• File access methods

• Drawbacks of file system

• Characteristics of databases
Initially used File System
• File system was invented to provide permanent storage to data.

• Same types of data can be collected together and stored in a file and this file can be stored in secondary
memory.

• Since a file was supposed to carry some type of information, while saving it with a particular name its name is
succeeded by an appropriate extension.

• So by looking at file name you can find out which type of information is stored in it.

• A file is accessible line by line therefore selective data is not accessible.

• Number of operations used with files are very less.

File Access Methods
Sequential Access

• In this method we access each record sequentially only i.e. any record numbered as “I” can be accessed only
after accessing all records before “I”.

• It supports following operations:

• Read next, Write next, Rewind, Skip n records

Direct Access

It allows the direct access to any record. It supports following operations:

• Read n, Write n, Jump to record n, Query current record

Indexed Access

• It creates an index which contains a key field and pointers to related blocks.
Drawbacks of File System
• Since one file can have only one extension so one file can store only one type of data (information).

• A file is accessible line by line therefore selective data is not accessible.

• Number of operations used with files are very less.

• Large files cannot be transferred over network.

• Before accessing files you need meta data of file (file_name, location etc.).

• Concurrent access (multiple users) is not allowed.

• Security (different levels of access to different users).

Characteristics of Databases
• Modelling is possible.

• It can be represented in terms of different models.

• Many classes and functions of various programing languages support only databases not files.

• Databases can be converted in the form of XML documents.

• Databases can be facilitated with different levels of data abtractions.

Summary
• Initially used file system – Data was stored in the form of files

• File access methods – Direct, sequential and indexed

• Drawbacks of file system – only one type of data, selective access not allowed, limited operations, weak security

• Characteristics of databases – modeling, conversion from one form to another form and abstraction
Thank You
Introduction to Databases and Data Models
Agenda
• Introduction to Database Management System

• Advantages of Database Management System

• What is data model?

• Types of Data Model

• Some important terminologies used in RDBMS

Introduction to DBMS and It’s Advantages
• Collection of data in a specific form is called Database.

• The software system which we use to manage (perform operations) bulk of data is called Database Management
System.

• Advantages:

• A large variety of operations can be carried out.

• Easy (quick) access of data.

• Multiple users are allowed.

• High security

• Different levels of authentication are possible.

• Concurrent access is possible.

What is a Data Model?
• It is the basic structure (framework) based on which we analyze accessing and storing techniques of data.

• It chooses the data structure to store data in memory.

• It decides the linkage between all three tiers (levels) of database architecture.
Types of Data Model
OODBMS
• Data is stored in the form of classes and objects.
• Data values are bound with each field defined in the class with the object created for that class.
• After binding values those values are stored permanently in the memory.
• Firebase of Android is a great example of OODBMS.
Hierarchal Data Model
• Here information is shared among systems in the form of parent and child relationship.
• Each parent system can share information only to those machines which are dedicated child to this
machine.
• So information (data) transfer is in one to many form.
Network Data Model
• The major difference in this one and hierarchal is that, here communication is many to many i.e. a
machine is not bound to access data only from one parent rather it can have data from all parents
based on its requirements.
Types of Data Model
Relational Database Management System (Data Model)

• In Relational Database Management System, data is kept in the form of tables.

• Each table contains rows and columns which are called ‘tuples’ and ‘attributes’ respectively.

• Each row of table contains information of one entity (object for which data table is created).

• Each column of table contains information about one attribute.

Books Customers
ID Book Name Author Cus_ID Name Mobile Number
b1 C Language Setu c1 Neha 641741481
b2 DBMS Sam c2 Sanjana 43747474
Some Important Terminologies used in RDBMS
• Tuple – Each row of a data table is called a Tuple. Each tuple contains information of exactly one attribute for all
the entities of that table.

• Attribute – Each column is called Attribute. Each column contains value of one attribute for all entities.

• Entity – The object for which we are creating the table.

• Entity Set – Group of all entities of a table is called Entity Set.

Book
Attribute 1 Attribute 2 Attribute 3

Tuple 1 ID Book Name Author

Tuple 2 b1 C Language Setu
Tuple 3 b2 DBMS Sam
Summary
• Introduction to Database Management System – collection of data managed by software

• Advantages of Database Management System – all drawbacks of files are overcome

• What is data model? – structure to represent data

• Types of data model – 4 types

• Some important terminologies used in RDBMS – tuple, entity, attribute

Thank You
Data Processing and Applications of
Databases
Agenda
• What is Data Processing and Its Types?

• Types of data processing

• Applications of databases
What is Data Processing and Its Types?
Definition and Steps
• Process of converting raw facts into a useful information is called Data Processing.
• Steps of Data Processing:
⮚ Data Collection (from a valid source)
⮚ Data Preparation (sort, grouping of data etc.)
⮚ Input (Data is input to some tools for further processing)
⮚ Processing (An algorithm is implemented on input data)
⮚ Output (Getting final results)
• Types of Data Processing:
 Manual Processing
 Mechanical Processing
 Electronic Processing
Applications of Databases
• Websites

• Mobile Apps

• Standalone Systems

• Embedded System

• Video Games

• E-Commerce

• Monetary Transactions

• Foreign Exchange

• RTS (Real Time Systems)

Summary
• What is Data Processing and Its Types? - Technique to store and retrieve data

• Types of data processing – manual, mechanical and electronic

• Applications of databases – list is given in video

Thank You