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2 Chapter TwoTheory, Models and Their Components

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6 views10 pages

2 Chapter TwoTheory, Models and Their Components

Uploaded by

mahimrashidulhasan008
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter two:Theory, Models and their components

Contents to be covered

 Concepts
 Constructs
 Propositions
 Variables
 Hypotheses
 Scientific method
 Empirical and abstract level
 Inductive and deductive reasoning

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Language of research

Conceptual
Conceptual
Concepts
Concepts Constructs
schemes
schemes

Operational
Operational
Models
Models definitions
definitions
Terms
Terms used
used
in
in research
research
Theory
Theory Variables

Hypotheses
Hypotheses
Concepts and research

A concept is an idea, thought, or plan that comes from experience and


observation. It is the most important part of an argument or theory. In the
sciences, philosophy, and the arts, concepts are frequently used.

In research, a concept is typically an abstract idea that represents a phenomenon


or a set of relationships. Concepts are often used to explain and predict behavior.

Concepts can be used to develop hypotheses, which are testable predictions about
the relationships between variables.

Example of concept: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

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Basic types of research

Clearly conceptualized
concepts & constructs
Success
of
Research
Shared understanding
of concepts & constructs

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Variable

Variables are measurements that are free to vary

Event Act

Variable
Variable

Characteristic Trait

Attribute
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Types of variables

Dependent Expected to be affected by


Dependent the independent variable

Expected to affect the


Independent
Independent independent variable

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Synonyms for Independent and Dependent Variable

Independent Variable Dependent Variable (DV)


(IV) • Criterion
• Predictor • Presumed effect
• Presumed cause • Response
• Stimulus • Predicted to….
• Predicted from… • Consequence
• Antecedent • Measured outcome
• Manipulated

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Example of variable

The introduction of a four-day week (IV) will lead to higher


productivity (DV), especially among younger workers (MV)

Note: Moderating variables are variables that are believed to have a significant
contributory or contingent effect on the originally stated IV-DV relationship.

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Hypothesis

Assumption

Positive or Alternative
Negative or Null

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Your valuable opinion, Please.

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