Introduction to Internet

What is Internet?
• A network of networks
• Internet is a network made of lots of
interconnected networks.
• It is a wide area network.
• It is a wonderful and surprising achievement in the
field of computer science.
• Internet support companies, and just about every
type of other organization.
History Of Internet
• The Internet began in 1969, as an experimental four–
computer network called ARPA (Advanced Research Project
Agency), which was designed by the U.S Defense
Department so that research scientist could communicate . In
approximately two years , ARPAnet grew to about two
dozen sites and by 1981, consisted of more than two hundred
sites . In 1990, ARPAnet was officially disbanded and the
network , which now consisted of hundreds of sites , came to
known as the Internet.
How Internet Works?
• There is no particular organization that controls the Internet.
• Different networks of private companies , government
agencies , research organizations , universities etc are
interconnected together.
• Internet is a huge collection of millions of computer, all
linked together on a network.
• Network allows all the computers to communicate with each
other.
• A home computers are connected to the internet using phone
line modem DSL (Digital Subscribe Line) or cable modem
that communicate to ISP( Internet service providers)
How Internet Works?
• ISPs then connect to the large ISPs , and the largest ISPs
maintain fiber-optic backbones” for entire region.
• Backbones around the world are connected through the
fiber-optic lines, under sea cables or satellite links.
• In this way every computer on the Internet is connected to
every other computer on the Internet.
• ISP: It is a company that provides the internet connection
to the users . There are many ISP companies in each big
cities of each country of the world.
 What is Intranet and Extranet
• Intranet:
An organization network through which files and
messages are exchanged among the users of an organization only is
called the Intranet. This type of network uses the same protocol as
used in the Internet but through the intranet the information can not
exchanged outside the organization.
• Extranet :
An extranet is a network of multiple intranets . It means
that different companies are connected together for the collaboration
among the companies. On an each extranet each company connected
gives selected rights to employees of one or more other companies to
access its intranet in order to communicate and share information and
ideas relevant to that companies.
Services of Internet
The internet provide a number of services such as :
• World Wide Web
• Chatting
• News Groups
• Electronic E-mail
• FTP
• Electronic E-Commerce
World Wide Web
• The world wide web is the fastest growing part of the
internet.
• The World Wide Web is a world wide information service on
the internet.
• This is a graphical environment that allows the text and
pictures to be displayed on your screen.
• WWW uses special software called web Browsers and
TCP/IP, HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) and a web
server to function.
Chatting
• People are talking to other people all around the
world.
• They enter to the chat room in order to chat with
other people.
• They send messages to each other, discuss ideas
and events.
• They are using different services like MSN
Messenger and Yahoo Messenger.
News Groups

• News groups are included in internet.

• They can be accessed with the help of your
Internet Browsers and enable us to take part in the
discussion of interest with like-minded people
from around the world.
Electronic Mail ( E-Mail)

• This service is available over the internet enabling to send

and receive the messages on the global basis.
• People uses e-mail for anything for which they might uses
paper mail, faxes , special document or telephone lines.
• You can communicate globally for the cost of local phone
call.
 FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
• FTP is simply a way to transfer the files to and from the
internet.
• FTP is not just a protocol but also as a service and an
application.
• FTP provides the facility to transfer the files between two
computers running different operating system .
• FTP is a service for copying the files from one computer to
another computer.
• For two computers to actually make use of the service of
FTP , both computers requires a special application
software.FTP is an application for copying files
Electronic E-Commerce
• This is the modern way for selling and buying
goods over the internet in a secure manner.
• Credit cards are used for payment.
• Many services are available for handling credit
cards over the internet with security.
 Addressing Schemes
• The purpose of the internet is to establish a connection
between large numbers of computers all over the world.
Computer can send and receive the data to each other.
• On the Internet every computer has a unique address with
a reference of this address a computer can communicate
with other computer on the internet. There are two types of
addressing schemes recognized on internet.
IP addressing
DNS addressing
 IP Addressing
• IP stands for internet protocol.
• It is a unique identifier for a node on the Internet.
• It is a numerical address with four numbers separated by dots i-e

216.27.16.137.
• For the internet to function smoothly each machine has a unique IP

address.
• The four numbers in the IP address are called octets and have a value
between 0 to 255.
 IP Addressing
• A server has a static IP address that does not change.
• A home computer that is dialing up through a modem
often has an IP address provided by ISP. That IP is unique
for the session but may be different for the next time when
machine is connected.
 DNS Addressing
• DNS stands for Domain Name System.
• The human readable name assigned to the computer
(server) on the Internet is called Domain name.
• It is common and unique text name. For example,
“hotmail .com” is permanent and human readable name.
• It is easier to remember than IP address.
• The domain “hotmail .com” actually has two parts a host
name and top-level domain(TLD). The top-level domain
represents the institution , which uses the address . It
comes at the end of domain name separated with dot(.) and
specifies the type of domain .
DNS Addressing
Domain Type of institution

.com Business

.edu Educational
institutions
.gov Government
organizations
.mil Military organizations

.org Other organizations

Website Terminologies
 Website Terminologies
The most important parts of the World Wide Web
are the elements such as servers , pages, hot links
and more ,all of which comprises the volume of
the WWW . The following are some related terms
you may see
• Website
• Home page
• Link
• HTTP
• Webmaster
 Web Site Terminology
• Domain Name
• Uniform Resource Locator
• Internet Service Provider
• Browser
• Client
• Hot list
 Web Site Terminology
• Web Site:
A collection of World Wide Web documents , usually
consisting of a home page and several related pages . You
might think of a web site as an attractive electronic book.
• Home Page:
Frequently, the “ cover ” of a particular Website . The
home page is the main , or the first page displayed for an
organization or person’s World Wide Web site.
 Web Site Terminology
• Link:
Short for “ hypertext link ” . A link provides the path that connects you
from one part of World Wide Web document to another part of the
same document , a different document , or another resource. A link
usually appeared as a uniquely colored word that you can click to be
transported to another web page.
• HTTP:
Stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. It is a protocol for accessing
World Wide Web documents . It is primary access method for
interacting with Internet.
 HTTP
• Stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• Allows computers on the WWW to
communicate with one another.
• Handles the “request” sent to the Web
server and the “response” received from the
Web server.
 Web Site Terminology
• HTML:
Stands for “ Hyper Text Markup Language ” . HTML is a
coding language for the World Wide Web that informs the
web browsers how to display a document text, links ,
graphics and other media. This language forms the
foundation for all Web pages.
• Webmaster:
The individual responsible for maintaining and updating
the content of World Wide document . Webmaster are the
creative forces behind the World Wide Web.
 Web Site Terminology
• Domain Name:
The portion of the Internet address (URL) following the
double forward slashes (//) that identifies an Internet host site
.Domain name are usually two or more terms separated by
periods. Some example are WWW.Isf.com.pk ,
WWW.Ucp.edu.pk, WWW.microsoft.com .
• Uniform Resource Locator(URL):
A URL serves as identification for all the World Wide Web
documents . It is an Internet address for locating Internet
elements , such as server sites , documents , files and so on.
 URLs
• Stands for Uniform Resource Locator
• Also called the Web page’s address
• You typically type it into your Web browser’s
location bar when you want to view a Web page

http://www.umbc.edu
Protocol needed to Name of
communicate with Web server
Web server
 Web Site Terminology
• Internet Service Provider(ISP):
ISP is a company that sells computer access to the Internet.
A user buys a subscription from Internet service Provider,
which gives the user an identifying name and password
and a phone number. With his or her computer modem ,
the user calls and connect to and log on to the service
provider’s computer. ISP also supports to high speed dial
up access , such as digital subscriber line(DSL) , cable
modem or a satellite , if available in the area.
 Web Site Terminology
• Browsers:
A software program that request , interprets and presents World
Wide Web documents . Frequently used Web Browsers include
Internet Explorer , Netscape Communicator , Mozilla Firefox.
• Client:
In addition to being a computer , a client also can be software
program that request and acquires information from computers
that store World Wide Web documents and files. World Wide
Web Browsers are also called clients.
 Web Site Terminology
• Hot list:
An option available in most World Wide Web browsers
that maintain a list of frequently accessed home pages. A
hot list also refers to a list of home pages related to the
particular subject that is published on an organization’s
home page.
 Web Servers and Clients
• A Web server is a computer that is programmed
to send files to browsers on other computers
connected to the Internet.
• The Web browser, such as Firefox or Internet
Explorer, is the client that sends a request for a
Web page.
• The Web server answers the request and delivers
the requested page to the browser so you can
view it.
 Web Server
• Web pages are created using HTML syntax.
• These pages must be organized and stored
on central computers.
• Computers which store web pages in the
form of directories and files and provide
these files to be read are called “Servers”.
 Web Server
The server computer runs special software called
“Web Server ” software that allows :
• Web Site management
• Accept Client’s request for information
• Respond to a client’s request by providing the page with
required information.
Some of the most popular software , which servers run
to allow them to respond to client request for information
, is Internet Information Server (I.I.S), Apache Web
Server, Netscape server and Microsoft Personal web
Server.
 Web Client OR Web Browsers
Web Clients runs special software called a “Browsers” that
allows them to
• Connect to appropriate Server
• Query the server for the information to be read
• Provides an interface to read the information returned by
the server.
Some of the most popular Browser software that clients
run to allow them to query Web Servers for information is
Netscape Communicator , Internet Explorer.
 Web Client OR Web Browsers
• To access information stored in the form of Web pages ,
users must connect to a Web Server. Once connected , an
interface that displays the contents of the Web pages is
required.
• Computer that offers the facility to read information stored
on web pages is called “Web Client ”.
Web Server-Client Diagram
 Surfing the web
• Introduction of different search engines.
• How to Google
• Using operators to make your search better
• Different flavors of Google (scholars,
research, images, news, etc.)