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Lecture 5

The document discusses the main components of a computer system including the central processing unit (CPU), machine cycle, system clock, pipelining, parallel processing, registers, memory units such as RAM and ROM, and cache memory.

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18 views

Lecture 5

The document discusses the main components of a computer system including the central processing unit (CPU), machine cycle, system clock, pipelining, parallel processing, registers, memory units such as RAM and ROM, and cache memory.

Uploaded by

ranaabdullah49677
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Computing

Application

B.B.A. Ist Semester


At
Central Group of Colleges
In affiliation with
GC University Faisalabad

Instructor: Shahid Imran


Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Also called the processor.
 Is considered brain of the computer.
 The speed of CPU is measured in
Mega Hertz and Giga Hertz.
 CPU is divided into two parts
 Control Unit (CU)
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
 Arithmetic Unit
 Logic Unit
Machine Cycle
 The steps involving execution of a
instruction by CPU is called
machine cycle.
 CPU performs following steps to
execute an instruction:
 Fetch
 Decode Instruction
 Execute Instruction
 Storing
System Clock
 The processor relies on a small quartz crystal
circuit called the system clock to control the timing
of all computer operations.
 The pace of the system clock, called the clock
speed, is measured by the number of ticks per
second.
 Current personal computer processors have clock
speeds in the gigahertz range. Giga is a prefix that
stands for billion, and a hertz is one cycle per
second.
 A computer that operates at 3 GHz has 3 billion
(giga) clock cycles in one second (hertz).
Pipelining
 Pipelining is a technique in which CPU fetches
next instruction before the completion of first
instruction. It results is faster processing.
Parallel Processing
 Parallel processing is a method that uses
multiple processors simultaneously to
execute a single program or task.
 Parallel Processing divides a single
problem into portions so that multiple
processors work on their assigned portion
of the problem at the same time.
 Parallel processing requires special
software that recognizes how to divide
the problem and then bring the results
back together again.
Parallel Processing
 Some PCs implement parallel processing with
dual-core processors or multi-core processors.
 Others have two or more separate processor
chips, respectively called dual processor or
multiprocessor computers.
 Massively parallel processing is large scale
parallel processing that involves hundreds or
thousands of processors.
 Supercomputers use massively parallel
processing for applications such as artificial
intelligence and weather forecasting.
Computer Registers
 A processor contains small, high-speed
storage locations, called registers, that
temporarily hold data and instructions.
 Processors have many different types of
registers, each with a specific storage
function.
 Register functions include storing the
location from where an instruction was
fetched, storing an instruction while the
control unit decodes it, storing data while
the ALU computes it, and storing the
results of a calculation.
Memory Unit
 It is used to store data and instructions.
 PC contains a main memory or primary
storage, which is used to store data and
instructions that are currently in use.
 Memory unit is classified into two basic
types:
 RAM (Random Access Memory)
 ROM (Read Only Memory)
Memory Unit
RAM (Random Access Memory)
 The main memory or primary.
 It is volatile memory
 Also called volatile memory.
 The programs and data must be transferred
to RAM before to run the program to process
the data.
 RAM is further divided into:
 DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
 SRAM (Static RAM)
 MRAM (Magnetoresistive RAM)
RAM Modules
ROM (Read Only Memory)
 ROM contains instructions that are
permanently stores by the manufacturers when
they manufacture the chips. The instructions
stored on ROM can only be read and cannot be
modified.
 Computer uses the instructions of ROM at the
time of booting for:
 Check different units of computer system
 To load the operating system into computer memory.
 ROM is further divided into:
 PROM (Programmable ROM)
 EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM)
 EEPROM (Electrically erasable Programmable ROM)
ROM Chip
Cache Memory
 It is similar to RAM but extremely faster.
 It is normally used between RAM and CPU.
 Cache speeds up processing speed of
computer because CPU stores frequently
used instructions and data in it.
 Most PCs today have two types of cache
memories:
 L1 Cache: it is built-in into the processor chip. Its
storage capacity is 8-128KB.
 L2 Cache: it is built directly on the processor chip.
Its capacity is up to 512KB-12MB.
 L3 Cache: it is not built-in in CPU but it is added to
the motherboard. Its capacity is up to 8MB-24MB.

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