Java Programming

Introduction
COMP201 Topic 1 / Slide 2

Outline
 C, C++, and Java
How Java is related to C and C++

 Advantages of Java
Writing good codes in Java is easier than in C or C++

 Java libraries (packages)

Where the power of Java come from

 Java and the internet

What Java is good for

 Course content
COMP201 Topic 1 / Slide 3

C, C++, and Java

 C designed in 1970’s for operating system programming, i.e. UNIX
 High-level language compared with assembly language
 Low-level compared with C++ or java

– Low level = Easy manipulation of hardware

– High level = Relying one lower level software to implement task with minimum
amount of code.

 Strengths
– Not restrictive, especially in relation to type conversion.
– More efficient than C++ and Java.
 Weaknesses:
– Not object-oriented: does not support abstraction and encapsulation
 Difficult to manage in large projects.

– Little built-in functionalities. Programmer need to start from scratch.

– Easy to make mistakes. (pointers, a=b vs a==b)
COMP201 Topic 1 / Slide 4

C, C++, and Java

 C++ designed in 1980’s, complete superset of C
 Changes
 Support for Object-Oriented programming
 …

 Strengths
 Improved data abstraction and encapsulation
 Makes it easier to manage large projects
 More extensive built-ins (standard libraries)

 Weakness
 Considered by many to be over-complicated
 Contains all of C’s problems
COMP201 Topic 1 / Slide 5

C, C++ and Java

 Java: a language of 1990’s

 The design of Java starts with C syntax and semantics

 Adds a few features from C++: Objects, exceptions

 Leaves out parts unneeded, unsafe, complex (not backward compatible)

Gosling: “Java omits many rarely used, poorly understood, confusing features
of C++ that in our experience bring more grief than benefits.”

 Adds a few facilities not present in C or C++

Garbage collection, concurrency, runtime error checking, object serialization,
interface, inner classes, threads

 Strengthens portability and security

COMP201 Topic 1 / Slide 6

C, C++ and Java

COMP201 Topic 1 / Slide 7

Outline
 C, C++, and Java
How Java is related to C and C++

 Advantages of Java
Writing good codes in Java is easier than in C or C++

 Java libraries (packages)

Where the power of Java come from

 Java and the internet

What Java is good for

 Course content
COMP201 Topic 1 / Slide 8

Advantages of Java
 According to Sun’s Java White paper:
“Java is a simple, objected-oriented, distributed,
interpreted, robust, secure, architecture-neutral,
portable, high-performance, multi-threaded, and
dynamic language”.

 Most of the claims are justified, while others

are controversial.
COMP201 Topic 1 / Slide 9

Advantages of Java/Simple
 Streamlined C language:
 No typedef, union, enum, goto, comma operator
 No header files
– C: list.h, list.c
– Java: List.java
 No makefile
– Java compiler can figure out dependencies among
classes
COMP201 Topic 1 / Slide 10

Advantages of Java/Simple
 Fixed problematic areas:
 No pointers, no function pointers
 Add garbage collection. Memory leaks no more
 No code like this

if ( *Head == NULL ){
*Head=(NODESET *) memAllocate(sizeof(NODESET));
*(Head+5) = tmpNode;
(*Head)->next=(*Head)->prev=NULL;
}
memDeallocate( Head );

 “if (a=b)” does not compile

COMP201 Topic 1 / Slide 11

Advantages of Java/Simple
 Everything is class except several primitive types
 Array is a class. Cannot go over bound.
– No this
 int a[5]; a[5]=0;

 However, Java libraries are quite complicated

COMP201 Topic 1 / Slide 12

Advantages of Java/Object-Oriented
 More so than C++.
 Combine data and behavior into one unit, the object
 Programs are collections of interacting, cooperating objects

 Advantages of OOP
 Provide strong data abstraction and encapsulation
 Gives framework for design
 Allows independent development and testing
 Facilitates system extensions and maintenance
 More opportunity for code re-use
COMP201 Topic 1 / Slide 13

Advantages of Java/Platform-Independent
 C and C++ programs are compiled into object code,
 Object code is directly processed by hardware processor.
 Require a separate compiler for each computer platform, i.e. for
each computer operating system and the hardware set of
instructions that it is built on.

 Java programs are compiled into bytecode

 Bytecode is processed by a program called java virtual machine
(JVM), rather than by the "real" computer machine, the hardware
processor.
 Platform differences dealt with by JVM
 Consequently, Java programs can run on any platform.
“Write once, run anywhere”.
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Java Virtual Machine

Runtime environment
Compile time (Java Platform)
environment

Java Class loader Java

Source bytecode to Libraries
verifier

Java
Bytecodes
HotSpot Compiler Virtual
Java move locally
or through net
Machine
Compiler
Runtime System

Java Operating System

bytecode
(class)
Hardware
COMP201 Topic 1 / Slide 15

Advantages of Java/Robust and Secure

 Fewer language loopholes
No pointers, typecasts limited. (Easier to produce error free source code)
 Compilers are strict
Require initialization of variables, enforces type consistency, requires
prototypes (Less chance of error in compiled code code)
 Runtime error checking
Array bounds, null reference access (Less chance of runtime error)

 Security manager
System to control permissions for high-level actions
 Runtime verifier checks untrusted bytecode
Avoids havoc from hand-constructed bytecode
COMP201 Topic 1 / Slide 16

Advantages of Java
 In Summary, writing good codes in Java is
easier than in C or C++

 javadoc generates documentation

automatically
 Very useful
 Example: HLCM

 Now, I write all my programs in java

COMP201 Topic 1 / Slide 17

Outline
 C, C++, and Java
How Java is related to C and C++

 Advantages of Java
Writing good codes in Java is easier than in C or C++

 Java libraries (packages)

Where the power of Java come from

 Java and the internet

What Java is good for

 Course content
COMP201 Topic 1 / Slide 18

Java Libraries
 Java has far expanded traditional scope of a
language’s libraries
 Java 2 SDK 1.4:
 3,020 classes and interfaces
 32,138 methods

 Much less effort required to accomplish common tasks

 Platform-specific details are handled

 All programs improved when common core updated

COMP201 Topic 1 / Slide 19

Java Libraries
 Collection of classes grouped into packages
Java equivalent of C libraries
 java.lang
String, Math, Exception, Thread, Runtime, etc
 java.util
Vector, Stack, hashtable, Date, Tokenizer
 java.io
Varieties of input/output processing
 java.net
Networking, client/server sockets, URLs
 java.awt, javax.swing
Windows, buttons, drawing, images, events
COMP201 Topic 1 / Slide 20

Java Libraries
 java.security
Encryption, digital signature, message digest
 java.text
Formatting and parsing
 java.sql
Database connectivity
 java.rmi
Remote method invocation, distributed objects

 The list goes on…

And it is continuing to expand. Java is still young
COMP201 Topic 1 / Slide 21

Outline
 C, C++, and Java
How Java is related to C and C++

 Advantages of Java
Writing good codes in Java is easier than in C or C++

 Java libraries (packages)

Where the power of Java come from

 Java and the internet

What Java is good for

 Course content
COMP201 Topic 1 / Slide 22

Java and the Internet

 Java is intended to be used in networked/distributed
environments.

 Increasingly used for “middleware” to communicate between

clients and serves, acting as a universal glue that connect user with
information from various sources. Example: JMOL
 Made possible by portability and multithreading and networking capabilities.

Client Browser Applet Server

Java Networking
Applet Servlet
Remote Method Invocation
Swing (GUI)
JDBC

User DB
COMP201 Topic 1 / Slide 23

Course Contents
 Language Basics:
 Classes, objects, inheritance, interface, inner classes, exception,
I/O
 Components in the following diagram
 Other issues
 Multithreading, security

Client Browser Applet Server

Java Networking
Applet Servlet
Remote Method Invocation
Swing (GUI)
JDBC

User DB