Lecture 12 30/10/2003 B-Trees

Applied Algorithms
(Lecture 12)
B-Trees
Fall-23

National University Of Computer & Emerging Sciences

Lecture 12 30/10/2003 B-Trees

Motivation
• When data is too large to fit in the main memory,
then it is retrieved on need basis from the disk.

• Thus for large files, the number of disk accesses

becomes important.
• A disk access is unbelievably expensive compared
to a typical computer instruction (mechanical
limitations).
• One disk access is worth 200,000 computer
instructions.
• The number of disk accesses will dominate the
running time of the solution.
National University Of Computer & Emerging Sciences
Lecture 12 30/10/2003 B-Trees

Motivation (contd.)
• Secondary memory (disk) is divided into equal-sized
blocks (typical size are 512, 2048,4096, or 8192
bytes).

• The basic I/O operation transfers the contents of one

disk block to/from RAM.

• Our goal is to devise multi way search tree that will

minimize file access ( by exploring disk block read).
National University Of Computer & Emerging Sciences
Lecture 12 30/10/2003 B-Trees

Multi way search trees(of order m)

• A generalization of Binary Search Trees.

• Each node has at most m children.

• If k ≤ m is the number of children, then the node has

exactly k-1 keys.

• The tree is ordered.

National University Of Computer & Emerging Sciences

Lecture 12 30/10/2003 B-Trees

National University Of Computer & Emerging Sciences

Lecture 12 30/10/2003 B-Trees

B-Trees
• A B-tree of order m is m-way search tree.

• B-Trees are balanced search trees designed to

work well on direct access secondary storage
devices.

• B-Trees are similar to Red-Black Trees, but

are better at minimizing disk I/O operations.

• All leaves are on the same level.

National University Of Computer & Emerging Sciences
Lecture 12 30/10/2003 B-Trees

National University Of Computer & Emerging Sciences

Lecture 12 30/10/2003 B-Trees

National University Of Computer & Emerging Sciences

Lecture 12 30/10/2003 B-Trees

National University Of Computer & Emerging Sciences

Lecture 12 30/10/2003 B-Trees

B-Tree Properties
B-Tree is a rooted tree with root[T] with the following
properties:

1-Every node x has the following fields.

a-n[ x], the number of keys currently stored in x.

b-The n[ x] keys, themselves stored in non decreasing

(Ascending) order.
key1[x] ≤ key2[x] ≤ … ≤ key n [x].

c-Leaf[ x], a Boolean value that is TRUE if x is leaf,

and false if x is internal node.
National University Of Computer & Emerging Sciences
Lecture 12 30/10/2003 B-Trees

Properties Contd…
2-if x is an internal node, it also contains n[ x]+1 pointers
to its children. Leaf node contains no children.

3-The keys keyi[ x] separate the range of keys stored in

each sub tree : if k1 is any key stored in the sub tree
with root c1[ x], then:
k1≤ key1[x] ≤ k2 ≤ key2[x] ≤…key n[ x] [ x] ≤ kn[x]+1

4-Each leaf has the same depth, which is the height of

the tree h.

National University Of Computer & Emerging Sciences

Lecture 12 30/10/2003 B-Trees

Properties Contd…
5- There are lower and upper bound on the number of keys a
node can contain.

These bounds can be expressed in terms of a fixed integer t ≥2,

called the minimum degree of B-Tree.

Why t cant be 1?

National University Of Computer & Emerging Sciences

Lecture 12 30/10/2003 B-Trees

Properties Contd…

a-Every node other than the root must have at least t-1
keys, Every internal node other than root, thus has at
least t children. If the tree is non empty, the root must
have at least one key.

b-Every node can contain at most 2t-1 keys. Therefore,

an internal node can have at most 2t children. We say
a node is full if it contains exactly 2t-1 keys.

National University Of Computer & Emerging Sciences

Lecture 12 30/10/2003 B-Trees

Height of a B-Tree

• What is the maximum height of a B-Tree with N

entries?

• This question is important, because the maximum

height of a B-Tree will give an upper bound on the
number of disk accesses.

National University Of Computer & Emerging Sciences

Lecture 12 30/10/2003 B-Trees

Height of a B-Tree.

If n ≥ 1, than for any n-key B-Tree T of height h and

minimum degree t ≥ 2,

 n 1
h  log  
t  2 
National University Of Computer & Emerging Sciences
Lecture 12 30/10/2003 B-Trees
root[T]
# of nodes
1 1

t-1 t-1 2
t t
t-1 t-1 t-1 t-1 2t
t t t
t

t-1 t-1 t-1 t-1 t-1 t-1 t-1 t-1 2t2

A B-Tree of height 3 containing minimum possible keys

National University Of Computer & Emerging Sciences
Lecture 12 30/10/2003 B-Trees

proof
• Number of nodes is minimized, when root
contains one key and all other nodes contain t-1
keys.

• 2 nodes at depth 1, 2t nodes at depth 2, 2t2

nodes at depth 3 and so on.

• At depth h, there are 2th-1 nodes.

National University Of Computer & Emerging Sciences

Lecture 12 30/10/2003 B-Trees

Proof( Contd.)

• Thus number of keys (n) satisfies the inequality:

h
n  1  (t  1) 2t i 1
i 1

 t h 1
n  1  2(t  1) 
 t 1 
n  2t h  1
n  1  2t h
 n 1
h  log t  
 2 
National University Of Computer & Emerging Sciences
Lecture 12 30/10/2003 B-Trees

Numerical Example

For N= 2,000,000 (2 Million), and m=100,

the maximum height of a tree of order m
will be only 3, whereas a binary tree would
be of height larger than 20.

National University Of Computer & Emerging Sciences

Lecture 12 30/10/2003 B-Trees

Operation on B-Trees
• Searching a B-Tree.

• Creating an empty B-Tree.

• Splitting a node in B-Tree.

• Inserting a Key into B-Tree.

• Deleting a Key from B-Tree.

National University Of Computer & Emerging Sciences

Lecture 12 30/10/2003 B-Trees

Searching a B-Tree

• It is much like searching a BST, except that

instead of making a binary or “two way”
decision at each node, we make a multi way
branching decision according to number of
children.

• In other words, at each internal node x, we

make an (n[x]+1)-way branching decision.

National University Of Computer & Emerging Sciences

Lecture 12 30/10/2003 B-Trees

Searching (Contd.)

• B-TREE-SEARCH takes as input a pointer to

the root node x of a sub tree and a key k to be
searched for in that sub tree.

• The top level call is thus of the form B-TREE-

SEARCH( root[T], k).

• If k is in the B-Tree, this procedure returns the

ordered pair (y, i), consisting of a node y and an
index i, such that keyi[y]=k.
National University Of Computer & Emerging Sciences
Lecture 12 30/10/2003 B-Trees

Searching( Contd.)
• The nodes encountered during the recursion
forms a path downward from the root of the
tree.

• The number of disk pages accessed by

procedure is therefore O(h)=O(logt(n))

● Since n[ x] ≤ 2t, thus time taken to search

within each node is O(t), and the total CPU
time is O(t*h)=O(t log(n))

National University Of Computer & Emerging Sciences

Lecture 12 30/10/2003 B-Trees

Splitting a node in B-Tree

• Inserting a key into B-Tree is significantly more

complicated than inserting a key into BST

• Fundamental operation used during insertion is

splitting of a full node y (having 2t-1 keys)
around its median key keyi [y] into two nodes
having t-1 keys each.

• The median key moves up into y ’s parent.

National University Of Computer & Emerging Sciences

Lecture 12 30/10/2003 B-Trees

Splitting (contd..)

• y ‘s parent must be non-full prior to splitting of y.

• If y has no parent, then the tree grows in height

by one.

• So splitting is the mean by which B-Tree grows.

National University Of Computer & Emerging Sciences

Lecture 12 30/10/2003 B-Trees

Splitting (contd..)

• If a node becomes full, it is necessary to

perform a split operation.

• The B-TREE-SPLIT-CHILD algorithm will run in

O(t), where t is constant.

National University Of Computer & Emerging Sciences

Lecture 12 30/10/2003 B-Trees

Splitting (contd..)

…N W… …N S W…

P Q R S T U V P Q R T U V

National University Of Computer & Emerging Sciences

Lecture 12 30/10/2003 B-Trees

Insertion in a B-Tree

• To perform an insertion in a B-tree, the

appropriate node for the key must be located
using an algorithm similar to B-Tree-Search

• Next, the key must be inserted into the node

• If the node is not full prior to the insertion, no

special action is required

National University Of Computer & Emerging Sciences

Lecture 12 30/10/2003 B-Trees

Insertion in a B-Tree (cont…)

• Splitting the node results in moving one key to

the parent node, what if the parent node is full?
• Then parent has to be split too.
• This process may repeat all the way up to the
root and may require splitting the root node
• This approach requires two passes. The first
pass locates the node where the key should be
inserted; the second pass performs any
required splits on the ancestor nodes
National University Of Computer & Emerging Sciences
Lecture 12 30/10/2003 B-Trees

Insertion in a B-Tree (cont…)

• Since each access to a node may correspond

to a costly disk access, it is desirable to avoid
the second pass by ensuring that the parent
node is never full
• To accomplish this, the algorithm splits any full
nodes encountered while descending the tree
• Is there a problem?

National University Of Computer & Emerging Sciences

Lecture 12 30/10/2003 B-Trees

Insertion in a B-Tree (cont…)

• This approach may result in unnecessary split
operations
• But it guarantees that the parent never needs to be
split and eliminates the need for a second pass up
the tree
• What is the penalty?

• Since a split runs in linear time, it has little effect on

the O(t logt n) running time of B-Tree-Insert.

National University Of Computer & Emerging Sciences

Lecture 12 30/10/2003 B-Trees
Initial Tree and Assume t=3
Minimum Number of keys at any internal node = t-1 = 2
Maximum Number of keys at any node = 2t-1 = 5

G M P Q X

A C D E J K N O R S T U V Y Z

Inserting B G M P X

A B C D E J K N O R S T U V Y Z

National University Of Computer & Emerging Sciences

Lecture 12 30/10/2003 B-Trees

Inserting L

G M P X

A B C D E J K L N O R S U V Y Z

Inserting F Node is already full

Is it as much simple? We have to split it
first

National University Of Computer & Emerging Sciences

Lecture 12 30/10/2003 B-Trees

Inserting F G M P X

A B C D E J K L N O R S U V Y Z

Median: Split here, C will move to parent node

C G M P X

A B D E F J K L N O R S U V Y Z

What will happen if we want to insert T?

What will happen if we want to insert Q?

National University Of Computer & Emerging Sciences

Lecture 12 30/10/2003 B-Trees

Deleting a key from B-Tree

• Deletion from a B-tree is analogous to
insertion but a little more complicated.

• For further details, see Section 19.3 of

Cormen et al book.

National University Of Computer & Emerging Sciences