Schizotypal

Personality Disorder

BY: Swaira Aroob & Ujala Justin

 Cluster A
 Schizotypal Personality
Disorder
 Paranoid Personality
Disorder
 Schizoid Personality Disorder
 What is Cluster A?

• Cluster A Personality Disorders:

 Characterized by odd or eccentric behavior
 Individuals may appear peculiar or eccentric to
others
 Often experience social discomfort or isolation
 Includes Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal
Personality Disorders
How disorders are classified in
cluster A?

• Disorders in this cluster share common features:

 Social withdrawal
 Peculiar thought patterns
 Anxious or paranoid tendencies
What is Schizotypal Personality
Disorder?

● Schizotypal personality disorder: Social deficits,

eccentric behaviors, odd beliefs; distinct from
schizophrenia but shares some traits, milder
symptoms, primarily affecting social functioning
 Diagnostic Criteria

● The diagnostic criteria for Schizotypal Personality Disorder

according to the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition) include:
1. Pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits,
characterized by discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close
relationships, as well as cognitive or perceptual distortions and
eccentricities of behavior, beginning by early adulthood and
present in a variety of contexts.
1. Cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of
behavior, including odd beliefs or magical thinking, unusual
perceptual experiences, and peculiar thinking and speech.
2. Interpersonal deficits, such as excessive social anxiety that
does not diminish with familiarity, paranoid ideation, or
inappropriate or constricted affect.
3. Exclusion of schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders.
● These criteria must be met for the diagnosis of Schizotypal
Personality Disorder.
 Characteristics
 Social and interpersonal deficits
 Eccentric behaviors
 Odd beliefs or magical thinking
 Unusual perceptual experiences
 Difficulty forming close relationships
 Eccentric speech patterns
 Tendency towards social isolation
 Comorbidity

● Comorbidity of Schizotypal Personality Disorder often

includes:
• Major depressive disorder
• Anxiety disorders (e.g., social anxiety disorder)
• Substance use disorders
• Other personality disorders (e.g., borderline, avoidant)
• Paranoid personality disorder
 Risk factor and Prognosis
● Risk Factors:
• Genetics: Family history of schizophrenia or schizotypal
personality disorder can increase the risk.
• Environmental Factors: Early childhood trauma, neglect, or
abuse can contribute.
• Neurobiological Factors: Differences in brain structure and
function may play a role.
• Personality Traits: Certain personality traits, such as
introversion or unusual thinking patterns, may predispose
individuals.
 Prognosis
•Chronicity: Schizotypal personality disorder tends to be
chronic, but symptoms may fluctuate in severity over
time.
•Social Impairment: Difficulties in social and
interpersonal functioning often persist.
•Risk of Psychosis: While not everyone with schizotypal
personality disorder develops psychosis, there is an
increased risk compared to the general population
•Treatment Response: While treatment can help
manage symptoms, the response varies, and long-term
therapy may be necessary for sustained improvement.
•Functional Impairment: Despite treatment,
individuals may continue to experience significant
functional impairment in various areas of life.
 Differential Diagnosis

•Schizophrenia: Differentiated by the absence of prominent

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or grossly
disorganized or catatonic behavior.
•Schizoid Personality Disorder: Distinguished by the lack of close
relationships or desire for them, without the cognitive or perceptual
distortions present in schizotypal personality disorder.
•Borderline Personality Disorder: Differentiated by the
presence of unstable self-image, intense interpersonal
relationships, and impulsivity, which are less
characteristic of schizotypal personality disorder.
•Avoidant Personality Disorder: While both disorders
involve social anxiety, schizotypal personality disorder is
distinguished by eccentricities in behavior, odd beliefs,
and perceptual distortions.
PARANOID
PERSONALITY DISORDER
Presented By:
Tayyaba Naveed
Amara Zia
 CONTENT
Paranoid Personality
1 4 COMORBIDITY
Disorder

DIAGNOSTIC DIFFERENTIAL
2 CRITERIA 5 DIAGNOSIS

MAJOR RISK AND PROGNOSTIC

3 CHARACTERISTICCS
6 FACTORS
WHAT IS PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER?

Paranoid personality
disorder is a mental
disorder characterized by
paranoia and a pervasive,
long-standing
suspiciousness and
generalized mistrust of
others.
 Diagnostic Criteria
A. A pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that
their motives are Interpreted as malevolent, beginning by early
adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by
four (or more) of the following
1. Suspects without sufficient basis.
2. Preoccupied with unjustified doubts.
3. Reluctant to confide in others because of unwarranted
fear.
4. Reads demeaning into benign remarks.
5. Persistently bear grudges.
6. Perceives attacks on character or reputation that are
not apparent and is quick to react angrily.
7. Recurrent suspicions without justification
regarding fidelity of spouse or partner.
B.Does not occur exclusively during the course of
schizophrenia, a bipolar disorder or depressive disorder
with psychotic features, or another psychotic disorder
and is not attributable, to the physiological effects of
another medical condition.
Major Cluster
Characteristics
● Individuals with this personality
disorder may be hypersensitive,
easily feel slighted and habitually
relate to the world by vigilant
scanning of the environment for
clues and suggestions that may
validate their fears and biases.
● Preoccupied with doubts about loyalty,
trustworthiness, or fidelity of friends, associates, and
family members.
● Individuals with this disorder are reluctant to confide
in or become close to others. They may refuse to
answer personal questions, saying that the
information is "nobody’s business".
● Individuals are often rigid,
critical of others and unable to
collaborate, although they have
great difficulty accepting
criticism themselves.
● Holds grudges and is unforgiving of perceived slights or
insults.
● They are quick to counter attack and react with anger to
perceived insults.
● Individuals with this disorder may be pathologically
jealous, often suspecting that their spouse or sexual
partner is unfaithful without any adequate justification.
 Comorbidity
1. Common co-occuring personality disorders include
narcissistic, avoidant, borderline, schizotypal, and
schizoid personality disorders.
2. Comorbid disorders include major depressive
disorder, alcohol use disorder, substance use
disorders, agoraphobia, and obsessive-compulsive
disorder.
Differential diagnosis
1. Personality change due to another medical
condition

Paranoid personality disorder must be

distinguished from personality change from a
medical condition (e.g. - traumatic brain injury)
involving the central nervous system.
 2. Substance use disorders

Paranoid personality disorder

must be distinguished from
symptoms that may develop in
association with persistence
substance use.
Risk and prognostic factors
 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

Exposure to social stressors such as socioeconomic

inequality, marginalization and racism.2. Childhood trauma
is also another risk factor, and individuals are more likely to
have physical abuse (but not sexual abuse) in childhood and
adolescence.
 GENETIC FACTORS

Individuals with relatives who have schizophrenia and

delusional disorder, persecutory type are at greater risk.
 SCHIZOID
Personality Disorder
BY Ansa and Bareera
SCHIZOID Personality Disorder

● Schizoid personality disorder is a condition where a

person shows very little, if any, interest and ability to
form relationships with other people. It's very hard for
the person to express a full range of emotions. If you
have schizoid personality disorder, you may be seen as
keeping to yourself or rejecting others.
 Diagnostic criteria
A. A pervasive pattern of the attachment from social
relationships and a restricted range of expression
of emotions in interpersonal settings, beginning by
early adulthood and present invite your contacts,
as indicated by 4 or more of the following:
1. Neither desires not enjoys close relationships.
2. Almost always choses solitary activities
3. Has little, if any, interest in having sexual experiences
with another person.
4. Takes played in few, if any, activities.
5. Lacks close friends or confidants other than first degree
relatives.
6. Appears indifferent to the praise or criticism to others.
7. Shows emotional coldness, detachment, or flattened
effectivity.
B. Does not occur exclusively doing the course of
schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or depressive disorder
with psychotic features or autism spectrum disorder
and is not a attributable to the physiological effects of
another medical condition.
 Risk and prognostic factors

GENETIC AND PSYCHOLOGICAL

Schizoid personality disorder may have increased

prevalence in the relatives of individuals with
schizophrenia or schizotypal personality disorder.
CULTURE -RELATED DIAGNOSTIC ISSUES
Individuals from a variety of cultural backgrounds
sometimes exhibit defensive behaviours and interpersonal
styles that may be erroneously labelled as "schizoid". For
example, those who have moved from rural to
metropolitan environments may react with "emotional
freezing" that may last for several months and manifest as
solitary activities, constricted affect, and deficits
in communication
SEX AND GENDER RELATED DIAGNOSTIC
ISSUES:

While some research suggests that schizoid personality

disorder may be more common in men, other research
suggests that there is no gender difference in prevalence.
 Differential diagnosis

OTHER MENTAL DISORDERS WITH PSYCHOTIC

SYMPTOMS:

Schizoid personality disorder can be distinguished from delusional

disorder, schizophrenia, and a bipolar or depressive disorder with
psychotic features because these disorders are all characterized by
a period of persistent psychotic symptoms (e.g, delusions and
hallucinations).
● To give an additional diagnosis of schizoid personality
disorder, the personality disorder must have been
present before the onset of psychotic symptoms and
must persistent when the psychotic symptoms are in
remission. When an individual has a persistent
psychotic disorder ( e.g, schizophrenia) that was
preceded by schizoid personality disorder.
AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER:

There may be great difficulty differentiating individual with

schizoid personality disorder from individuals with autism
spectrum disorders, particularly with milder forms of either
disorder, as both include a seeming indifference to companionship
with others. However autism spectrum disorder may be
Differentiated by stereotyped behaviour and interests.
PERSONALITY CHANGE DUE TO ANOTHER MEDICAL
CONDITION:

Schizoid personality disorder must be distinguished from

personality change due to another medical condition, in which the
traits that emerge are a direct physiological consequences of another
medical condition
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER:

Schizoid personality disorder must also be

distinguished from symptoms that may
develop in association with
persistent substance use.
 Comorbidity

● Particularly in response to stress, individuals with this

disorder may experience very brief psychotic episodes
( lasting minutes to hour's. In some instances schizoid
personality disorder may appear as the premorbid
antecedent of delusional disorder or schizophrenia.
● Individuals with this disorder may sometimes
develop major depressive disorder, schizoid
personality disorder most often co-occurs with
schizotypal, paranoid, and avoidant
personality disorder.
Thank you