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The IMRaD Format

The document discusses the IMRAD format, which is a widely used structure for scientific papers. It breaks papers into Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion sections. Each section is described in detail, outlining what they should contain and their purpose. Key parts of papers like the title, abstract, keywords, and references are also covered.

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Dasha Gatchalian
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102 views31 pages

The IMRaD Format

The document discusses the IMRAD format, which is a widely used structure for scientific papers. It breaks papers into Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion sections. Each section is described in detail, outlining what they should contain and their purpose. Key parts of papers like the title, abstract, keywords, and references are also covered.

Uploaded by

Dasha Gatchalian
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The IMRaD Format

Maria Mei Fatima S. Terania, RPm


The IMRaD Format
• Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion.
• also known as the APA format, as the American Psychological
Association employs the IMRAD headings in its APA stylesheet.
• IMRAD is simply a more ‘defined’ version of the “IBC”
[Introduction, Body, Conclusion] format used for all academic
writing.
Source: Wu, J. Improving the writing of
research papers: IMRAD and
beyond. Landscape Ecol 26, 1345–1349
(2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-011-
9674-3
• Report the subject of the research rather than
TITLE the results
• Contain as few words as possible
• Describe the contents of the paper accurately
and specifically
• Avoid abbreviations, formulas, and jargon
• Not include any verb
• Should be catchy but not too flashy
• Follow the style preference of the target
journal.
• listed in the logical order of
importance of their contribution
AUTHOR • person listed first is considered the
senior author
EXAMPLE TITLE PAGE:
ABSTRACT
• a brief, comprehensive summary of the content of your paper
• An IMRaD abstract should stand on its own; it is not a part of the
introduction.

• A good abstract should be


• Accurate
• Nonevaluative
• Coherent and Readable
• Concise
Abstract for Empirical Article
• problem under investigation
• participants or data sources
• research design (e.g., experimental, observational, qualitative, mixed methods)
• data-gathering procedures and analytic strategy (e.g., ethnography, factor
analysis)
• sample size (typically for quantitative analyses) or volume of observations or
number of participants (typically for qualitative analyses)
• materials or central measures
• main study findings, including
• for quantitative analyses; effect sizes, confidence intervals, and statistical
significance levels, when possible
• for qualitative methods, main findings in relation to the central contextual
features
• conclusions, implications, or applications of the research findings
• highlight a paper’s central features, including the
• Topic
KEYWORD • Population
• Methodology
• Results
INTRODUCTION

• Importance of the Problem


• Background Literature
• Approach to Solving the Problem
INTRODUCTION
State your purpose for your research
• Explains why you are interested in this research and why it is significant.
• Begin by describing the problem or situation that motivates the research.
• Move to discussing the current state of research in the field; then reveal a
“gap” or problem in the field.
• Finally, explain how the present research is a solution to that problem or
gap. If the study has hypotheses, they are presented at the end of the
introduction.
General
Introduction of
the subject

Research gap

Statement of
Objective
METHODS/
MATERIALS AND
METHODS
METHOD
• Research Design
• Sampling Procedures
• Sample Size
• Participants, Subjects, and Data Sources
• Describe inclusion and exclusion criteria, including any restrictions based on
demographic characteristics.
• Report participants’ major demographic characteristics as relevant to your
study, such as age, sex, gender identity, disability, ethnicity and/or race,
sexual orientation, level of education, and socioeconomic status.
• Researcher Characteristics (Quantitative research)
• Measures and Data Collection
• Data Diagnostics and Analytic Strategy
RESULTS
AND
FINDINGS
The Results or Findings section of
a research paper is where you
summarize the data you collected
and the analyses you performed.
DATA REPORTING
STANDARDS

• In general, all data reporting in research


reports should be accurate, unbiased, and
complete.
• Provide enough detail to justify your
conclusions; however, leave discussion of
the implications of your results for the
Discussion section.
FLOW OF
PARTICIPANTS

For all studies, include the


·primary sources of participants and
·dates of recruitment and follow-up
Figure 1 Flowchart for Randomized Clinical Trial

Note. S-CBT = Standard Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment; A-CBT = Accommodated Cognitive-Behavioral


Treatment.
• Report statistics that summarize the data and the relationships between
variables.
• Statistics may be presented in a table or summarized in a figure;
individual statistics may be presented in the text.
• Include sufficient information to allow readers to understand the
analyses conducted and possible alternative explanations for the
outcomes of those analyses.
• Because each analytic technique depends on different aspects of the
data and your assumptions, it is impossible to specify what constitutes
a sufficient set of statistics for every analysis.
APPROPRIATE STATISTICS

• Descriptive Statistics

• Inferential Test Statistics


MISSING DATA AND TREATMENT
FIDELITY

Missing data can negatively impact the legitimacy of the inferences you draw from
statistical tests.
• it is critical that you provide the frequency or percentage of missing data
• explain causes of missing data and how you dealt with them statistically.
DISCUSSION
Research Hypotheses and Context

• Begin the Discussion section with a clear statement


summarizing whether your research results support
or do not support your original hypotheses.
• If your hypotheses were not supported, offer possible
explanations as to why, such as how your study’s
methods, population, or setting differed from that of
previous studies.
Study Strengths and
Limitations

 Internal Validity

 External Validity
Importance of the Study and
Future Directions
Discuss theoretical, clinical, or practical applications of the results.
• What real-life psychological phenomena might be explained or modeled by the
results?
• Can the results be applied to solve a real-world problem?
• Does the study have implications for policy, clinical practice, and/or advocacy?
End by addressing unresolved questions and suggesting directions for future
research.
It should mirror the Introduction

• Hypothesis and Purpose


• Main Points
• Projection/Significance and Impact
• The remainder of the conclusion section is
simply about conveying many of the ideas
presented in your discussion, but on a higher
level of abstraction.

Source: https://www.svsu.edu/media/writingcenter/IMRAD%20Conclusion.pdf
THANK YOU!
Do you have any questions for
me before we go?

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