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SQL 1

Uploaded by

Lopamudra Mohanty
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL Introduction

KE-01 KE-SQL
Software used for Practical Implementation
• MySQL
• Oracle
DATABASE SYSTEM

• Database is a shared & organized collection of logically related data

• Database Management System is a software for storing and


retrieving user’s data while considering appropriate security measures.
Ex:- Oracle, MS SQL, MongoDB, MySQL etc

• An Application Program interacts with a database by issuing an


appropriate request (typically a SQL statement)
Relational Database Management System
• RDBMS: A database management system that manages data as
a collection of tables in which all relationships are represented
by common values in related tables.
• Relational Model represents how data is stored in Relational
Databases. A relational database stores data in the form of
relations (tables).
Table name
Attribute names

Representation of Data in RDBMS


Product
PName Price Category Manufacturer

Gizmo $19.99 Gadgets GizmoWorks

Powergizmo $29.99 Gadgets GizmoWorks

SingleTouch $149.99 Photography Canon

MultiTouch $203.99 Household Hitachi

Tuples or rows
RDBMS

What is Relational Model?


•Relational Model represents how data is stored in Relational Databases.
A relational database stores data in the form of relations (tables).
Consider a relation STUDENT with attributes ROLL_NO, NAME,
ADDRESS, PHONE and AGE as shown below
Student ROLL_NO NAME ADDRESS PHONE AGE
1 RAM DELHI 9455123451 18
2 RAMESH GURGAON 9652431543 18
3 SUJIT ROHTAK 9156253131 20
4 SURESH DELHI 18
RDBMS….
Important Terminologies STUDENT Relation/Table
ROLL_NO NAME ADDRESS PHONE AGE
1 RAM DELHI 9455123451 18
2 RAMESH GURGAON 9652431543 18
3 SUJIT ROHTAK 9156253131 20
4 SURESH DELHI 18

1. Attribute: Attributes are the characteristics or properties that define a relation. e.g.; ROLL_NO, NAME
2. Relation Schema: A relation schema represents name of the relation with its attributes. e.g.; STUDENT (ROLL_NO, NAME,
ADDRESS, PHONE and AGE) is relation schema for STUDENT. If a schema has more than 1 relation, it is called Relational Schema.
3. Tuple: Each row in the relation is known as tuple. The above relation contains 4 tuples, one of which is shown as
1 RAM DELHI 9455123451 18
4. Relation Instance: The set of tuples of a relation at a particular instance of time is called as relation instance. Table 1 shows the
relation instance of STUDENT at a particular time. It can change whenever there is insertion, deletion or updation in the
database.
5. Degree: The number of attributes in the relation is known as degree of the relation. The STUDENT relation defined above has
degree 5.
6. Cardinality: The number of tuples in a relation is known as cardinality. The STUDENT relation defined above has cardinality 4.
RDBMS….
STUDENT Relation/Table

Important Terminologies ROLL_NO NAME ADDRESS PHONE AGE


1 RAM DELHI 9455123451 18
2 RAMESH GURGAON 9652431543 18
3 SUJIT ROHTAK 9156253131 20
4 SURESH DELHI 18
7. Column: Column represents the set of values for a particular attribute. The column ROLL_NO is extracted from
relation STUDENT. ROLL_NO
1
2
3
4

8. NULL Values: The value which is not known or unavailable is called NULL value. It is represented by blank space. e.g.; PHONE of
STUDENT having ROLL_NO 4 is NULL.
9. Domain of an attribute: The possible values an attribute can take in a relation is called its domain. For Example, domain of AGE
can be from 18 to 40.
RDBMS Terminologies summery

A collection of relations with distinct relation names is called as


Relational Model.
SQL (Structured Query Language)
• The standard for relational database management systems (RDBMS)
• SQL (Structured Query Language) is used to perform operations on the
records stored in the database such as updating records, deleting records,
creating and modifying tables, views, etc.
• SQL is just a query language; it is not a database. To perform SQL
queries, you need to install any database, for example Oracle, MySQL,
MongoDB, PostGre SQL, SQL Server, DB2, etc.
SQL Statements
• Structured Query Language (SQL) provides four types of languages
based on type of operation to be performed on a database. These
languages can be considered as subsets of SQL and logical groups
only.
TYPES OF SQL COMMAND
MySQL
• MySQL is a relational database management system based on the
Structured Query Language, which is the popular language for
accessing and managing the records in the database.
• MySQL is open-source and free software. It is supported by Oracle
Company.
How MySQL Works?
• MySQL follows the working of Client-Server Architecture.
• The working of MySQL database with MySQL Server are as follows:
• MySQL creates a database that allows you to build many tables to store and manipulate data and
defining the relationship between each table.
• Clients make requests through the GUI screen or command prompt by using specific SQL expressions
on MySQL.
• Finally, the server application will respond with the requested expressions and produce the desired
result on the client-side.
Steps to install MySQL

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