Scribd
Upload
17 views

SQL 3

Uploaded by

Lopamudra Mohanty
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
17 views

SQL 3

Uploaded by

Lopamudra Mohanty
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

SQL Constraints

DBMS SQL
DATAINTEGRITY& CONSTRAINTS

• The constraint in SQL is used to specify the rule that allows or restricts
what values/data will be stored in the table.
• They provide a suitable method to ensure data accuracy and integrity
inside the table.
• It also helps to limit the type of data that will be inserted inside the
table
DATAINTEGRITY& CONSTRAINTS

• Database Systems offer three types of integrity constraints:-


 Entity Integrity- PRIMARY KEY
 Domain Integrity- DATA TYPES, CHECK CONSTRAINT
 Referential Integrity – FOREIGN KEY
Types of SQL Constraints

• Constraints in SQL is classified into two types:


 Column Level Constraints: These constraints are applied only to the
single column that limits the type of particular column data.
Column datatype [CONSTRAINT constraint_name] constraint_type
Example:
Building VARCHAR2(7) CONSTRAINT location_building_nn NOT NULL
Any constraint can be defined at the column level except for a FOREIGN KEY and COMPOSITE
primary key constraints.
 Table Level Constraints: These constraints are applied to the entire
table that limits the type of data for the whole table.
[CONSTRAINT constraint_name] constraint_typ (Column, . . .),
Example:
CONSTRAIN location_roomid_pk PRIMARY KEY(Roomid)
All constraints can be defined at the table level except for the NOT NULL constraint.
How to create constraints in SQL

• We can define the constraints during a table created by using the


CREATE TABLE statement.
• SQL also uses the ALTER TABLE statement to specify the constraints
in the case of the existing table schema.
Syntax to add constraints with CREATE Table Statement

• The following are the syntax to create a constraints in table:


CREATE TABLE new_table_name (
col_name1 datatype constraint,
col_name2 datatype constraint,
col_name3 datatype constraint,
.........
);
Syntax to add constraints with ALTER table Statement

• To add a constraint using ALTER TABLE, the syntax for table


level constraint is used. The general syntax of ALTER TABLE
is
ALTER TABLE tablename
ADD [CONSTRAINT constraint_name] constraint_type
(column, …),
Constraints used in SQL

• The following are the most common constraints used in the Oracle:
• NOT NULL
• UNIQUE
• PRIMARY KEY
• FOREIGN KEY
• CHECK
• DEFAULT
• AUTO_INCREMENT
• INDEX
• ENUM
NOT NULL Constraint

• This constraint specifies that the column cannot have NULL or empty
values.
• The NOT NULL constraint ensures that the column has a value and the
value is not a null value.
• A space or a numeric zero is not a null value
Example: Create a table Student with following schema.
Student(Id, First Name, Last Name, City) Apply Not Null constraint on
Student Name.
UNIQUE Constraint

• This constraint ensures that all values inserted into the column will be
unique.
• It means a column cannot store duplicate values.
• SQL allows us to use more than one column with UNIQUE constraints
in a table.
• Example: Create a table Product with the following schema.
Product(Id, Name, quantity, Price) Apply Unique constraint on Product
Id.
PRIMARY KEY Constraint

• The PRIMARY KEY constraint is also known as the entity


integrity constraint
• It creates a primary key for the table. A table can have only one
primary key constraint.
• This constraint is used to identify each record in a table uniquely. If the
column contains primary key constraints, then it cannot be null or
empty.
• It always contains unique value into a column.
• Defined at either the table level or the column level
PRIMARY KEY Constraint Example

• Crate table Person with following schema


• Person(Id, Name, Age,city)
• Id-Primary key
• Name, Age-Not Null
AUTO_INCREMENT Constraint

• This constraint automatically generates a unique number whenever we


insert a new record into the table.
• Generally, we use this constraint for the primary key field in a table.
• Example : Create table Subject(Subject_code ,Name) Apply
primary key and auto increment to Subject code and not null to
name.
Foreign Key Constraint

• This constraint is used to link two tables together. This is also known as referential integrity constraint.
 It is also known as the referencing key. A foreign key column matches the primary key field of another
table. At the table level ONLY.
• It uses a column or columns as a foreign key, and it establishes a relationship with the primary key of
the same or another table.
• Foreign key and referenced primary key columns need not have the same name, but a foreign key
value must match the value in the parent table’s primary key value or be NULL
• It means a foreign key field in one table refers to the primary key field of another table.
Foreign Key Constraint Example

• Consider the structure of these tables: Persons and Orders.


• Person(PId(PK),Name(Not Null),age(Not Null),City)
• Order(Order_Id(PK), Order_date(Not Null),Pid(FK))
Adding a Constraints

• Consider the structure of these tables Employee:


• Employee(empno(PK),ename(Not Null),salary, doj, mgr(FK))
• Add a FOREIGN KEY constraint to the EMP table indicating that
a manager must already exist as a valid employee in the EMP
table.
Dropping Constraint

• Remove the manager constraint from the EMP table.


Disabling Constraints

• Execute the DISABLE clause of the ALTER TABLE statement to


deactivate an integrity constraint.
• Apply the CASCADE option to disable dependent integrity constraints.
Enabling Constraints

• Activate an integrity constraint currently disabled in the table


definition by using the ENABLE clause.
The check Constraints

• Defines a condition that each row must satisfy.


• It controls the value in a particular column.
• It ensures that the inserted value in a column must be satisfied with
the given condition.
• In other words, it determines whether the value associated with the
column is valid or not with the given condition.
– Example:
– Voter(Id(PK), Name(Not Null),Age(age>=18))
• CREATE TABLE Persons ( ID int NOT NULL, Name varchar(45)
NOT NULL, Age int CHECK (Age>=18) );
Default Constraints

• A column can be given the default value by using DEFAULT option.


• The data type of column and default expression must be the same.
• This constraint is used to set the default value for the particular column
where we have not specified any value.
• It means the column must contain a value, including NULL.
• Example(Id(PK), Name, Age,City(default 'Delhi'))
• CREATE TABLE Persons ( ID int PRIMARY
KEY, Name varchar(45) NOT NULL, Age int, City varchar(25) D
EFAULT 'Delhi' );

You might also like