Module 1

Module 1
Grammar & Language

What is language?
A system of using spoken sounds or written symbols
to express ourselves
Purpose of language?
Communication
Expression of messages, imagination, emotions etc.
How do we Communicate?
Speaking
Listening
Writing
Reading
Speak in sentences
Listen to sentences
Write in sentences
Read sentences
Language = Sentences
Good Language
has
grammatically correct sentences
AND
clear description
(this allows us to make a clear picture in our minds)
What is grammar ?
‘The set of rules that explain
how
words are used in a sentence.’
Is grammar important ?
YES
It creates clearer communication

POOR grammar
can change the meaning of a message

 can lead to confusion
 disrupts the fl ow of communication
GOOD grammar
 Shows language competence
 Improves skill of expression
 Saves time & avoids confusion
 Gives credibility and respect
 Gives an edge over competitors
Good language comes
from
Sentences
which are grammatically
correct
How do we develop grammar?
Should we study grammar?

NO !
Too boring and too complicated
Native speakers learn English without studying grammar

Develop grammar
but
don’t study grammar!

Learn about parts of speech
1. Nouns
2. Pronouns
3. Verbs
4. Adjectives
5. Adverbs
6. Prepositions
7. Conjunctions
8. Interjections
Develop the language by
developing
sentences
What is a sentence ?
A group of words that has a meaning

Examples of sentences
A bus is coming.
It is a big bus.
Sentences tell us
what something is doing
or
they describe something
A bus is coming.
It is a big bus
How do we make a sentence?
Let's look at a basic simple sentence.
What do we need ?
1) subject
2) verb
A subject is a person, animal or thing
(this is the 'thing' that we are talking about in our sentence)
A verb is a 'doing' word.

(this is what the subject is doing or it describes it)
A bus is coming.
(subject) (verb)
It is a big bus.
(subject) (verb)
Let us begin by making simple sentences.
Then we can look at how to make those sentences much more descriptive
We need a SUBJECT and a VERB
(to make a basic simple sentence)
So, if we use any subject with any verb, would we have a sentence?
NO!
Man dancing.
This is not correct.
SUBJECTS generally need articles (a, an, the)

A man dance.
This is still not correct.
VERBS need to ‘match’ the SUBJECT

We need to change 'dance' to 'dances'
A man dancing.
This is also not correct.
VERBS have to be changed to show us:
the ‘time’ of the ‘action’
(we want to know when the 'dancing' happened)

Time = Tense
The tense tells us when the action happens
Has it happened?
Is it happening now?
Will it happen later?
etc.
How do we ‘change’ the Verb?
By adding words to the front or behind the Verb:
play, played, are playing, will play

This changes the tense and tells us the ‘time’ of the action.
Tenses
Simple
Simple Continuous
Perfect
Perfect Continuous
Passive
To work
(regular verb)
Repeated actions I work.
Simple Regular actions
Simple
Continuous
Perfect
Perfect
Continuous
Temporary actions I am working.

Simple Happening at the moment
Continuous
Perfect
Perfect
Continuous

Continuous
Happened some time in the past I have worked.
Perfect
Perfect
Continuous

Continuous
Perfect
Started happening in the past and still continuing I have been working.
Perfect now
Continuous
Positive (+)
Negative (-)
Interrogative (?)
I do not work.
Do I work?
I am not working.
Continuous Am I working?
Perfect I have not worked.
Have I worked?
Started happening in the past and still continuing I have been working.
Perfect now
I have not been working.
Continuous Have I been working?
Past, Present, Future
forms
Past Present Future
I worked. I work. I will work.
Simple I did not work. I do not work. I will not work.
Did I work? Do I work? Will I work?
I was working. I am working. I will be working.

Simple I was not working. I am not working. I will not be working.
Continuous Was I working? Am I working? Will I be working?
I had worked. I have worked. I will have worked.

Perfect I had not worked. I have not worked. I will not have worked.
Had I worked? Have I worked? Will I have worked?
I had been working. I have been working. I will have been working.
Perfect I had not been working. I have not been working. I will not have been working.
Continuous Had I been working? Have I been working? Will I have been working?
Contractions
Past Present Future
I worked. I work. I will work.
Simple I didn’t work. I don’t work. I won’t work.
Did I work? Do I work? Will I work?
I was working. I am working. I’ll be working.

Simple I wasn’t working. I’m not working. I won’t be working.
Continuous Was I working? Am I working? Will I be working?
I’d worked. I’ve worked. I’ll have worked.

Perfect I hadn’t worked. I haven’t worked. I won’t have worked.
Had I worked? Have I worked? Will I have worked?
I’d been working. I’ve been working. I’ll have been working.
Perfect I hadn't been working. I haven't been working. I won’t have been working.
Continuous Had I been working? Have I been working? Will I have been working?
Practice with all parties:
I
We
You
He, She, It
They
I don’t work. Do I work?
We don’t work. Do we work?

I work.
You don’t work. Do you work?
We work
You work. Does he work?
He doesn’t work.
He works. Does she work?
She doesn’t work.
She works.
Does it work?
It works. It doesn’t work.
They work.
Do they work?
They don’t work.

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Grammar & Language

It creates clearer communication

can change the meaning of a message

Should we study grammar?

Native speakers learn English without studying grammar

don’t study grammar!

A group of words that has a meaning

A verb is a 'doing' word.

SUBJECTS generally need articles (a, an, the)

VERBS need to ‘match’ the SUBJECT

VERBS have to be changed to show us:

the ‘time’ of the ‘action’

(we want to know when the 'dancing' happened)

The tense tells us when the action happens

By adding words to the front or behind the Verb:

play, played, are playing, will play

Temporary actions I am working.

Temporary actions I am working.

Temporary actions I am working.

I was working. I am working. I will be working.

I had worked. I have worked. I will have worked.

I was working. I am working. I’ll be working.

I’d worked. I’ve worked. I’ll have worked.

We don’t work. Do we work?

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