Nanofiltration

PFE 302 Dairy and Food Engineering
Lecture - 30 Nano-filtration , Ultrafiltration & Micro-filtration

Equipment and Applications
MEMBRANE FILTRATION:
• Membranes are used to facilitate the transport or rejection of substances
between mediums, and the mechanical separation of gas and liquid
steams .
• Filtration is achieved when the pores of the membrane are smaller than the
diameter of the undesired substance ,such as harmful microorganisms.
TYPES:
 Nanofiltration
 Microfiltration
 Ultrafiltration
 Reverse osmosis
MEMBRANE SEPARATION TECHNOLOGIES:
MEMBRANE MATERIALS:
• Cellulose Acetate
• Polymeric Membrane
• Composite or Inorganic Membrane
• Ion Exchange Membrane
NANO-FILTRATION
• Nano-filtration (or) Hyperfiltration separates components in the range
between RO and UF , or around 300-500 kDa of MW.
• NF can be used to purify , concentrate , and fractionate ,but only for very
low MW components.
• Pore Size: 0.001-0.01
• Mechanism: Capable of removing small organic molecules , divalent
and larger ions, while allowing monovalent ions to pass through
NANOFILTRATION PROCESS
EQUIPMENT:
Spiral Wound Membranes:

• Common in Water treatment and desalination
Tubular and Capillary Membranes:
• Used for more challenging feed streams with high fouling
potential
APPLICATIONS:
• Water Treatment :
Softening and removal of certain contaminants
like pesticides and heavy metals.
• Food and Beverages:
Desalting whey , removing specific sugars
• Chemical and Petrochemical:
Solvent recovery and purification
ULTRA –FILTRATION:
• Ultrafiltration separates materials of sizes between 0.001and 0.02µm or
MW between 1and 1000kDa.
• Since UF separates larger molecules than RO, the operating pressures are
in the range of 10-200psi, lower than RO.
• UF is typically used to separate whey proteins from the whey . It can also
be used for plant proteins like soy.
• It is commonly used in the production of single- strength fruit juice to
remove suspended and colloidal particles or to recuperate partially
degraded starch.
Pore Size:
• 0.01-0.1micrometers
Mechanism:
• Removes macromolecules , viruses , and colloidal particles while
allowing smaller molecules like salts and water to pass through.
EQUIPMENTS:
Tubular Membrane:
Used for processing high viscosity or high fouling liquids
Spiral Wound Membranes:

Consist of membrane sheets wrapped around a central tube , common in large scale operations.
Hallow Fibre Membranes:

Similar to microfiltration but with smaller pore sizes , used
for large - scale Water treatment and protein concentration
APPLICATIONS:
Water Treatment:
• Removing viruses and organic matter
Food and Beverages:
• Concentration of proteins , lactose removal from whey.
Pharmaceuticals:
• Sterilization and clarification of solutions.
MICROFILTRATION:
.Microfiltration operates particles between 0.01 and 10µm or

greater than 1000kDa
• It uses pressures around5 to 50 psi .

• UF and MF can be used to purify , concentrate , and fractionate
macromolecules.
• MF of milk through ceramic membranes has been recently introduced to
control the population of microorganisms and decrease the further heat
treatment prior to heat pasteurization.
Pore Size:
• 0.1to 10 micrometers
Mechanism:
• Uses a membrane to remove particles such as bacteria , suspended solids ,
and large colloids.
EQUIPMENT:
Hollow Fiber Modules:

• Consists of many small, hollow fibers through which the liquid is filtered.
Cartridge Filters:
• Cylindrical filters used in various scales from laboratory to industrial
applications
Plate and Frame Filters:
• Use a series of filter plates and frames to hold the membrane
APPLICATIONS:
Water Treatment :
• Removal of bacteria and suspended solids.
Food and Beverages:
• Clarification of juices , wine and beer.
Biotechnology and pharmaceuticals:
• Sterilization of liquids and air.
MEMBRANE PERFORMANCE:
• The performance of a membrane filtration system is measured in terms of

its ability to produce large volumes of filtrate in short period of time ant
the degree of purity of the filtrate with respect to the solute concentration
• Therefore , the two major aspects of concern are the rate of filtration of the
permeate flux , and the separation of molecules which can be described
by the retention of the membrane or solute rejection
EQUIPMENT FOR NANOFILTRATION:
SPIRAL WOUND MEMBRANE
CAPILLARY MEMBRANE:
EQIPMENT FOR ULTRAFILTRATION:
EQUIPMENT FOR MICROFILTATION:
CARTRIDGE FILTERS

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PFE 302 Dairy and Food Engineering

Lecture - 30 Nano-filtration , Ultrafiltration & Micro-filtration

Spiral Wound Membranes:

Spiral Wound Membranes:

Hallow Fibre Membranes:

.Microfiltration operates particles between 0.01 and 10µm or

• It uses pressures around5 to 50 psi .

Hollow Fiber Modules:

• The performance of a membrane filtration system is measured in terms of

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