Strengthening RC Columns Using NSM GFRP Bars

Strengthening of RC columns under
eccentric loads using NSM steel and

GFRP bars
By :
Nibras Atiaa Kazum
Supervised By :
Prof Dr. Haitham Ali B.
Introduction
 Reinforced concrete columns are crucial components of buildings.

Therefore, the building fails as a result of its deterioration. So, it is crucial
to strengthen these components. In recent years, the utilization of fiber-
reinforced polymers (FRP) to strengthen existing RC columns has become
more common, and the results are very promising. Using the technique of
near-surface mounted (NSM) FRP bars, RC columns' flexural capacity can
be enhanced. In this strengthening approach, FRP bars are placed into
concrete surface grooves and bonded there with adhesive resin.
 In comparison to the externally bonded (EB) technique, NSM is a quick
installation process and does not require surface preparation work .
3rd International Conference for Civil Engineering Sciences (ICCES-2023)

Research Aim
 The main objective of the current study is to
investigate the behavior of eccentrically
loaded RC column strengthened with NSM
hybrid steel and GFRP rebars.

Experimental program
Many materials were used to prepare thirteen of strengthened
RC columns, which are: Portland cement, fine aggregate, coarse
aggregate, water, superplasticizer, steel, epoxy, GFRP bars, and
CFRP sheets.
After several trial mixes, the considered trial mix proportion in
this work is demonstrated in the table below, which, given
compressive strength, is 45 MPa.
Cement Sand Gravel W/C Superplasticizer Average
ratio (percentage by compressive
weight of strength (MPa)
cement)
1 1.5 1.6 0.3 0.1 45.7

 Details of Specimen
The experimental program involved the design, casting, curing, and testing of six
reinforced concrete columns with 150 mm × 150 mm square cross sections, a total
length of 1200 mm, and a 720 mm distance between corbels. The columns were
constructed with corbels at their top and bottom ends. The dimensions of the corbel
zones were (275×150) mm (width × depth). All column specimens can be categorized
as long or slender columns depending on the column's slenderness ratio which is
kl/r=27.713 is more than 22, as recommended by ACI 318.
The specimens consist of six columns were reinforced with 4Ø10 mm longitudinal
steel bars located at each corner with a cover of 25 mm and Ø8 mm stirrups at a
spacing of 125 mm c/c.

Specimens Longitudinal Strengthening with NSM Eccentric Eccentri
symbol reinforcemen ity values city
t In In compression ratios
tension side (e/h)
side
CRe0 4Ø10 - - 0 0
CRe0.5 4Ø10 - - 75 0.5
2S2Se0 4Ø10 2Ø10 steel bar 2Ø10 steel bar 0 0
2S2Se0.5 4Ø10 2Ø10 steel bar 2Ø10 steel bar 75 0.5
2G2Se0 4Ø10 2Ø10 GFRP 2Ø10 steel bar 0 0
2G2Se0.5 4Ø10 2Ø10 GFRP 2Ø10 steel bar 75 0.5

 Casting and curing
Casting was conducted on six cylinders, six cubes, and six column specimens, and
then cured in water for 28 days. The cylinder and cubes were cast for each mixture to
find the splitting tensile strength and compressive strength, respectively. The
corresponding average tensile and compressive strengths were 5.7 MPa and 45 MPa,
respectively.

 Application of NSM process
All column specimens were strengthened except two columns that were unstrengthened
and considered as reference columns, which are designed CRe0 and CRe0.5. To apply
the NSM technique, follow the following steps:
 An electrical grinder was utilized to cut one or two grooves into the column's
surface tension and compression sides with dimensions of (20 × 20) mm (width×
depth), respectively according to American Concrete Institute Technical
Committee 440 (2002).
 The grooves were cleaned by brush, washed by water, and left to dry.
 Steel or GFRP bars with diameters 10 mm were embedded into the grooves.
 Epoxy Sikadur-31/41 CF Slow used as a bonding material between the concrete
and steel or GFRP bars after mixing it with an electrical mixer
 After filling up the grooves with first epoxy primer layer and placing NSM bars, a
final epoxy layer is added and carefully sanded with a trowel
Test setup
 All column specimens were tested under axial compressive concentric and
eccentric loading until failure. In the current investigation, two values of the
eccentricity ratio (e/h=0 and e/h=0.5) were employed to examine the behavior of
the RC columns under eccentric and concentric loads. Two bearing steel plates with
dimensions of (150×150×20) mm were placed at the column's top and bottom ends
to prevent stress condensation and distribution appropriately on the surface of the
column, which acts as simply supports. To obtain the needed eccentricity value, the
bearing steel plate's size and placement were chosen so that the distance between
its center lines and the column section equals the desired eccentricity.

 A hydraulic pressure gauge with a maximum capacity of 1500 kN was utilized to
measure the static load, which was applied to the surface of the bottom end of the
columns. Many data were recorded and monitored during whole test, including the
load at the initial crack, crack width, axial displacement, lateral displacement, and
the ultimate load.

Results and discussion
Column ID Load at Ultimate Width Increasing Max. axial Max. lateral Failure mode
the initial load (kN) of in ultimate deflection deflection
crack crack load % (mm) (mm)
(kN) (mm)
CRe0 272.5 431.3 0. 2 - 7.46 1.37 Buckling of steel
reinforcement
2S2Se0 329.18 485 0.2 12.5% 9.15 1.45 Combined
compression failure
and de-bonding
between concrete
and adhesive resin
in the tension zone
2G2Se0 283.75 490 0.1 13.5% 8.4 2.11 Combined

compression failure
and de-bonding
between concrete
and adhesive resin
in the tension zone
CRe0.5 90.8 154.36 0.1 - 3.3 5.04 compression failure
2S2Se0.5 136.2 250 0.05 62% 3.88 7 compression failure
2G2Se0.5 138.2 277 0.05 79.45% 4.89 6.67 compression failure

 Axially loaded RC columns (e/h=0)

 Eccentrically loaded RC column at (e/h=0.5)
300
250
200
Load,kN
150 CRe0.5
2S2Se0.5
100 2G2Se0.5
50
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Axial displacement,mm
300
250
200
Load,kN
150 CRe0.5
2S2Se0.5
100 2G2Se0.5
50
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Lateral displacement,mm

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Strengthening of RC columns under

eccentric loads using NSM steel and

 Reinforced concrete columns are crucial components of buildings.

3rd International Conference for Civil Engineering Sciences (ICCES-2023)

3rd International Conference for Civil Engineering Sciences (ICCES-2023)

3rd International Conference for Civil Engineering Sciences (ICCES-2023)

3rd International Conference for Civil Engineering Sciences (ICCES-2023)

2S2Se0.5 4Ø10 2Ø10 steel bar 2Ø10 steel bar 75 0.5

2G2Se0 4Ø10 2Ø10 GFRP 2Ø10 steel bar 0 0

2G2Se0.5 4Ø10 2Ø10 GFRP 2Ø10 steel bar 75 0.5

3rd International Conference for Civil Engineering Sciences (ICCES-2023)

3rd International Conference for Civil Engineering Sciences (ICCES-2023)

3rd International Conference for Civil Engineering Sciences (ICCES-2023)

3rd International Conference for Civil Engineering Sciences (ICCES-2023)

2G2Se0 283.75 490 0.1 13.5% 8.4 2.11 Combined

2S2Se0.5 136.2 250 0.05 62% 3.88 7 compression failure

2G2Se0.5 138.2 277 0.05 79.45% 4.89 6.67 compression failure

3rd International Conference for Civil Engineering Sciences (ICCES-2023)

3rd International Conference for Civil Engineering Sciences (ICCES-2023)

3rd International Conference for Civil Engineering Sciences (ICCES-2023)

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