Operating System and Batch

Processing
Operating System

• An operating system acts as an intermediary between the user of a

computer and the computer hardware.

• An operating system is a program that manages computer hardware.

• It also provides a basis for application programs.

• The goal is to maximize the ease of use and resource utilization.

• The operating system provides the means for proper use of these
resources in the operation of the computer system.

• An operating system is similar to a government. Like a government, it

performs no useful function by itself.

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Operating System

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Operating System

Computers have two modes of operation:

• Kernel mode and

• User mode

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Operating System Structure

• Monolithic Systems

• Layered Systems

• Microkernels

• Client-Server Model

• Virtual Machines

• Exokernels

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Operating System Structure: Monolithic

• In this approach the entire OS runs as a single program in kernel mode.

• The OS is written as a collection of procedures, linked together into a single

large executable program.

• Each procedure in the system is free to call any other one, if the latter
provides some useful computation that the former needs.

• Being able to call any procedure is very efficient, but having thousands of
procedures that can call each other without restriction may also lead to a
system that is difficult to understand.

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Operating System Structure: Layered

• Layer 0 dealt with allocation of the processor, switching between processes

when interrupts occurred or timers expired.

• Layer 1 did the memory management. It allocated space for processes in

main memory.

• Layer 2 handled communication between each process and the operator

console (that is, the user).

• Layer 3 took care of managing the I/O devices and buffering the information
streams to and from them.

• Layer 4 was where the user programs were found.

• The system operator process was located in layer 5.

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Operating System Structure: Client-Server

• Communication between clients and servers is often by message passing.

• To obtain a service, a client process constructs a message saying what it

wants and sends it to the appropriate service (server).

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Command Processor

• A command processor, also known as a command-line interpreter or shell,

is a program that interprets commands entered by the user and executes
them.

• Interprets user commands and translates them into instructions that the
operating system can understand and execute.

• Provides users with a text-based interface to interact with the operating

system.

• Common command processors include Command Prompt (Windows),

Terminal (macOS), and Bash (Unix-like systems).

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Scheduler Functionality

• A scheduler is a system component responsible for managing the execution

of tasks or processes within an operating system.

• Allocates system resources such as CPU time, memory, and I/O devices to
various tasks based on priority and scheduling algorithms.

• Ensures optimal utilization of system resources while meeting user and

system requirements.

Types:

• Preemptive: Allows higher priority tasks to interrupt lower priority ones.

• Non-preemptive: Executes tasks until completion without interruption.

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Scheduler Functionality: Advantages

• Maximizes system throughput by efficiently allocating resources and

minimizing idle time.

• Ensures fair distribution of resources among competing processes,

preventing starvation and resource monopolization.

• Allows users to prioritize critical tasks, ensuring that essential operations

are executed in a timely manner.

• Enables concurrent execution of multiple tasks, facilitating efficient

multitasking and user productivity.

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Field Manager and Resource Allocator

• A field manager and resource allocator are essential components within

organizational structures responsible for overseeing operations and
optimizing resource utilization.

• The field manager oversees and coordinates activities in various operational

domains, ensuring efficient use of resources and adherence to
organizational goals.

• The resource allocator allocates available resources such as finances,

personnel, equipment, and time to different projects, tasks, or departments
based on priorities and requirements.

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Field Manager and Resource Allocator: Advantages

Field Manager:

• Oversees field operations, including project management, logistics, and

personnel coordination.

• Ensures compliance with safety regulations, quality standards, and

operational protocols.

Resource Allocator:

• Evaluates resource requirements and availability across projects and

departments.

• Allocates resources based on strategic objectives, project deadlines, and

budget constraints.

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Dispatcher

• The dispatcher is a key component of an operating system responsible for

managing and coordinating the execution of processes.

• It controls the allocation of system resources such as CPU time and I/O
devices to various processes.

• The dispatcher selects processes from the ready queue and schedules
them for execution on the CPU based on scheduling algorithms.

• Facilitates multitasking and concurrent execution of processes, enhancing

system responsiveness and efficiency.

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Batch Processing

• Batch processing is a method of executing computer programs or tasks

without manual intervention, where a series of jobs are processed in
sequence.

• Involves grouping similar tasks or programs into batches to be executed

consecutively.

• Typically used for non-interactive tasks such as bulk data processing, report
generation, and system maintenance.

• Enables automation of repetitive tasks, saving time and human effort.

• Optimizes resource utilization by scheduling and executing jobs during off-

peak hours.

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Batch Processing

• Reduces overhead associated with manual intervention by automating the

execution of repetitive tasks.

• Improves system efficiency by optimizing resource utilization and workload

management.

• Facilitates scalability by allowing the processing of large volumes of data or

tasks in a systematic and controlled manner.

• Provides mechanisms for error detection and recovery, allowing failed jobs
to be reprocessed or handled appropriately.

• Commonly used in industries such as banking, telecommunications,

manufacturing, and data processing for tasks like payroll processing, billing,
and data analysis.

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Multi Programming

• Multi-programming is a technique where multiple programs are loaded into

main memory simultaneously and executed concurrently.

• Allows the CPU to switch between executing different programs to keep it

busy and maximize CPU utilization.

• Time-sharing systems where multiple users interact with the computer

simultaneously.

• Keeps the CPU busy by allowing it to switch between processes, reducing

idle time.

• Enables the execution of multiple programs concurrently, enhancing system

throughput and responsiveness.

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Multi Processing

• Multi-processing involves the simultaneous execution of multiple processes

across multiple CPUs or CPU cores.

• Distributes computational workload across multiple processing units to

enhance performance and scalability.

• Modern computers with dual-core, quad-core, or multi-core processors.

• Distributes workload across multiple processors, improving system

performance and responsiveness.

• Allows systems to scale performance by adding more processing units or

cores.

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Disk Operating System (DOS)

• DOS is a non-graphical operating system that provides a command-line

interface to interact with a computer's hardware and software.

• Developed by Microsoft, DOS was initially released in 1981 as MS-DOS

(Microsoft Disk Operating System).

• Manages files and directories stored on disk drives.

• Executes applications and system utilities.

• Provides basic system services such as file management, memory

management, and device input/output (I/O).

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Windows

• Windows is a family of graphical operating systems developed and

marketed by Microsoft Corporation.

• Introduced in 1985 with Windows 1.0, Windows has undergone numerous

iterations, with major releases including Windows 95, Windows XP,
Windows 7, Windows 10, and Windows 11.

• Provides a user-friendly graphical interface for interacting with hardware,

software, and files.

• Offers features such as multitasking, virtual memory management, device

drivers, and networking capabilities.

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UNIX

• Unix is a powerful, multi-user, multi-tasking operating system originally

developed in the late 1960s at AT&T Bell Labs.

• Unix adheres to the principles of simplicity, modularity, and flexibility,

emphasizing the use of small, single-purpose utilities that can be combined
to perform complex tasks.

• Unix has inspired various flavors and distributions, including Linux, BSD,
and macOS (based on Darwin, a Unix-like kernel).

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Language Processor

• A language processor is a software tool or program that translates high-

level programming languages into machine-readable code or performs
various operations on the code.

• Language processors typically include editor, compilers, interpreters,

assemblers, and linkers.

• Facilitates the development, debugging, and execution of programs written

in high-level programming languages.

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Language Processor: Editor

• An editor is a software tool used to create, modify, and manage text-based

files, including source code files.

• It provides features such as syntax highlighting, code formatting, and search

and replace functionalities.

• Examples include Visual Studio Code, Sublime Text, and Vim.

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Language Processor: Compiler

• A compiler is a program that translates source code written in a high-level

programming language into machine code or an intermediate code.

• It performs lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, optimization,

and code generation.

• Compilers produce standalone executable files that can be run

independently of the original source code.

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Language Processor: Interpreter

• An interpreter is a program that directly executes source code line by line

without prior translation into machine code.

• It reads the source code, parses it, and executes it immediately, typically
without generating a separate executable file.

• Interpreters are commonly used in scripting languages like Python,

JavaScript, and Ruby.

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Language Processor

• Editors, compilers, and interpreters are essential tools in software

development.

• While editors facilitate code creation and modification, compilers and

interpreters enable the translation and execution of high-level programming
languages into machine-readable code.

• Understanding the functionalities and differences between these tools is

crucial for efficient software development and debugging processes.

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