PD1 PROCESS DESIGN

Lecture 6: Valves

by Murad Jafarov, P.E.

Lecture 6

Valves are the components in a fluid flow or

pressure system that regulate either the flow or
the pressure of the fluid. This duty may involve
stopping and starting flow, manipulating flow
rate, diverting flow, preventing back flow,
controlling pressure, or relieving pressure.
Lecture 6
Lecture 6
Valve Body

The valve body is the

vessel or casing that
holds the fluid passing
through the inside of
the valve. Valve bodies
are most commonly
made of various metals
or plastics.
Lecture 6
Valve Bonnet

The cover for the

opening in the valve
body is the bonnet,
and is considered to
be the second most
essential boundary of
a pressure valve.
Lecture 6
Valve Trim
The valve trim is a term given to all removable
and replaceable internal parts of the valve that
come in contact with the flow medium. These
constituents cover valve seats, glands, disc,
spacers, bushings, guides, and internal springs.
The valve body, bonnet, packing that also
contact with flow medium are not accounted as
valve trim.
Lecture 6
Valve Disc and Seat
The disc is the component
that allows, throttles, or
stops flow, depending on its
position. The disc is the
third most significant
primary pressure boundary.
The seat or seal rings
ensure the seating surface
for the disc.
Lecture 6 Valve Disc and Seat
Lecture 6
Valve Stem

The valve stem furnishes required movement to

the ball, plug, or the disc for opening or closing
the valve, and is responsible for proper
positioning of the disc. It is linked to the valve
handwheel, actuator, or the lever at one end
and on the other side to the valve disc.
Lecture 6 Rising Stem with Outside Screw and Yoke
Lecture 6
Non-Rising Stem with Inside Screw
Lecture 6
Sliding Stem
Lecture 6
Rotary Stem
This is usually used model in butterfly, plug, and ball valves.
Lecture 6
Valve Yoke
A yoke links the valve body or bonnet with the actuating
mechanism. The top of the yoke keeping a yoke nut, stem nut, or
yoke bushing and the stem passes through it.
Lecture 6
Valve Actuators
Valves are usually supplied with an actuator. An
actuator is an apparatus that produces rotary or
linear motion of a source of power under the
action of a source control.
Lecture 6
Lecture 6 TYPES OF VALVES
The operative of the valve closure member: This type of closure member
movement determines both the geometry and operative of the valve.
– Multi-turn valve (linear motion valves)
(e.g. gate valve, globe valve, needle valve, fixed cone valve and pinch
valve)
– Quarter-turn valve (rotary valves)
They are quick opening/closure valves (e.g. ball valve, butterfly valve,
plug valve and spherical valve).

The functionality of the valve:

– Control: pressure/flowrate regulation
– Closure at over-speed flow
– Overpressure protection
– Backflow prevention (check valve)
– On/Off service
Lecture 6
MANUAL VALVES
A manual valve is considered to be a valve that is
operated by plant personnel directly, by the
usage of either a handwheel/wrench or an
on/off actuator in the case of shutdown valves.
They serve three major functions in fluid-
handling systems:
• Stopping and starting flow
• Controlling flow rate
• Diverting flow
Lecture 6 MANUAL VALVES
Manual valves are classified into 4 categories
according to the way the closure member moves
onto the seat.
• Closing-down valves: globe, needle
• Slide valves: gate
• Rotary valves: ball, plug, butterfly
• Flex-body valves: diaphragm
Lecture 6
Globe Valves
• Glove valves are closing-down
valves in which the closure
member is moved squarely on
and off the seat. It is
customary to refer to the
closure member as a disc,
irrespective of its shape. This
proportional relationship
between valve opening and
disc travel is ideally suited for
duties involving regulation of
flow rate.
Lecture 6
Gate Valves
Lecture 6
Gate Valves

Gate valves are characterized by a “gate” that

closes in a plane perpendicular to the flow of
fluid. They are used primarily for on/off, non-
throttling service. Shearing of high-velocity flow
will cause a partially open disk to vibrate and
chatter, which will damage the seating surfaces
and prevent a tight seal. They are suitable for
most fluids including steam, water, oil, air, and
gas.
Lecture 6
Plug Valves

Plug valves are rotary

valves in which a plug-
shaped closure member
is rotated through
increments of 90ᵒ to
engage or disengage a
porthole or holes in the
plug with the ports in
the valve body.
Lecture 6 Plug Valves
Lecture 6
Ball Valves

Ball valves are a

species of plug valves
having a ball shaped
closure member. The
seat matching the ball
is circular so that the
seating stress is
circumferentially
uniform.
Lecture 6 Ball Valves
Lecture 6
Butterfly Valves

Butterfly valves are

rotary valves in which
a disc-shaped closure
member is rotated
through 90ᵒ, or
approximately, to
open or close the flow
passage.
Lecture 6
Butterfly Valves
Lecture 6
Diaphragm Valves
Diaphragm valves are flex-
body valves in which the
valve body consists of a
rigid and flexible section.
The flexible body section
is provided by a
diaphragm which, in
connection with a
compressor, represents
the closure member.
Lecture 6
CHECK VALVES
The prime function of a check
valve is to protect mechanical
equipment in a piping system by
preventing reversal of flow by
the fluid. This is particularly
important in the case of pumps
and compressors, where back
flow could damage the internals
of the equipment and cause an
unnecessary shutdown of the
system and in severe cases the
complete plant.
Lecture 6
PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES
Pressure relief valves are designed
to protect a pressure system against
excessive normal or subnormal
pressure in the event of positive or
negative excursion of the system
pressure. They are required to open
at a predetermined system pressure,
to discharge or let enter a specified
amount of fluid so as to prevent the
system pressure from exceeding a
specified normal or subnormal
pressure limit, and to reclose after
the normal pressure has been
restored.
Lecture 6
ACTUATORS
This particular accessory can operate
the valve either by pressing of a
button, or automatically through
process systems.
The decision for actuating a valve will
be made due to one or more of the
following reasons:
• Control of the process system
• Inaccessibility or remote valve
location
• Emergency shutdown/fail-safe
requirements
• Excessive valve operating torque
• Safety
Lecture 6
Types of Actuators
The methods of valve Each of the above can be powered by one
of the following power sources:
actuation fall into one of  Hydraulic: Hydraulic actuators are
the following categories: capable of delivering very high
torques, and with it the fast stroking
• Linear speed necessary to operate larger
valves.
• Part-turn  Electric: Modern electric motor
powered actuators allow local, remote,
• Multi-turn and hand operation and they are
available for a variety of types of valves
and sizes
 Pneumatic: These are the most
common type of actuators, because of
their cheap and readily available
power source, which is compressed air.
Lecture 6
Valve Characterisation

SHUT-OFF VALVES : GATE, PLUG, BALL, BUTTERFLY,

CONTROL VALVES: GLOBE, BUTTERFLY, NEEDLE, DIAPHRAGM

NON-RETURN VALVES: CHECK VALVES

 CONTROL VALVE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
The flow characteristic of a control valve illustrates relationship
between the flow rate through the valve and the valve travel as the
travel spans from 0 to 100%. Customarily, there are three
characteristics:
• Quick Opening
– There is an on/off situation
– Large changes in flow are required quickly (e.g. safety systems)
• Linear Opening
– Liquid level or flow loops
– Situations where the pressure drop across the valve is mainly constant
(e.g. steady state)
• Equal Percentage
– Temperature and pressure control loops
– Large changes in pressure drop are expected
Lecture 6
Lecture 6
Usage of Different Valves

Type of Valve Quick Opening Linear Equal Percentage

Globe X X

Gate X

Butterfly X X

Diaphragm X

Ball X X
Lecture 6
Valve Sizing

– is the volumetric flowrate (e.g. m3/s)

– is the pressure drop (e.g. Pa)
– is the density (e.g. kg/m3)
- is the cross sectional area of the pipeline (e.g. m 2)
- is the cross sectional area of the orifice restriction (e.g. m 2)
- is the orifice discharge coefficient to account for energy
losses across the valve
Lecture 6
Valve Sizing

– is the volumetric flowrate (e.g. m3/s)

– is the pressure drop (e.g. Pa)
– is the density (e.g. kg/m3)
- is the valve sizing coefficient
Lecture 6 Example 1
Calculate the “Cv” and select the desired valve
size to control a flow of 300gpm of fluid with a
specific gravity of 0.8, at a pressure drop of 100
psi.

Valve Size (in) ¼ ½ 1 1-1/2 2 3 4 6 8

CV 0.3 3 15 35 55 110 175 400 750

Lecture 6 Example 1 Solution

From the figure given previously, a 1-1/2 inch

valve would be suitable for this role.
Lecture 6 Example 2
What are PSV’s used for?
Relieve excess pressure and eliminate the risk of
damage.
Lecture 6 Example 3
What four variables can a valve control?
1. Temperature
2. Pressure
3. Level
4. Flow
Lecture 6 Example 4

What kind of valve can prevent non return of a

fluid down a pipeline?

Check Valve