GEOGRAPHIC

INFORMATION SYSTEM
Lecture 1: History, Concepts, and Terminologies
Topics

• Definition

• History

• Application

• Terminologies
 Topics

• An organized assemblage of
computer hardware, software,
spatial data and operating
instructions designed for
capturing, storing, updating,
manipulating, analyzing, and
displaying all forms of
geographically referenced
information.
History

1832
Charles Picquet created a map representing cholera
outbreak across 48 districts in Paris. This type of map is a
heat map and its impact revolutionized several industries.

Source(s):
https://www.geospatialworld.net/blogs/overview-of-gis-history/
History

1854
The heat map of cholera outbreak by Picquet was adopted
by John Snow in London for same situation- cholera
outbreak. Snow introduced the evolved concept by the
presentation of argument developed from spatial analysis
of data.

Source(s):
https://www.geospatialworld.net/blogs/overview-of-gis-history/
History

Early 20th Century

Photozincography/heliozincography was introduced by
Henry James. This printing technique allowed users to
separate layers from the map (themes/thematic). This
technology may be a breakthrough at that time but it does
not represent our GIS today where operations to analyzed
map and data can be performed.

Source(s):
https://www.geospatialworld.net/blogs/overview-of-gis-history/
https://www.gislounge.com/photozincography-advances-cartography/
 History

1960s
The development of computers emerged the concept and
term GIS. Notable works was arised from academic
community. Michael Goodchild led and pioneered this
system at the National Center for Geographic Information
and Analysis revolving spatial analysis and visualization.

These efforts opened a new path to the world of quantitative

geographic science and the GIS.

Source(s):
https://www.esri.com/en-us/what-is-gis/history-of-gis
 History
1963
Roger Tomlinson's work developed the first
computerized GIS - Canada Geographic Information
System. The Canadian government commissioned
Tomlinson to create manageable inventory of their
natural resources from all over its provinces.

This also led Canada to enable and begin land-use

management program. Tomlinson gave GIS its name.

Source(s):
https://www.esri.com/en-us/what-is-gis/history-of-gis
 History

1964
SYMAP, a software program for computer mapping was born.
The brain behind this was Howard Fisher an
architect/professor at the Northwestern University. In the
preceeding year, 1965, he established the Harvard Laboratory
for Computer Graphics.
The laboratory became the research center for spatial analysis
and visualization and many concepts and applications was
conceived in the lab with the help of the collection of
geographers, planners, computer scientist, and other
professions.

Source(s):
https://www.esri.com/en-us/what-is-gis/history-of-gis
 History

1969
ESRI was founded. Jack Dangermond and his wife- both
member of the Harvard Laboratory founded
Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI).
The consulting firm applied computer mapping and
spatial analysis to help land use planners and land
resource managers make informed decisions. The
company’s early work demonstrated the value of GIS for
problem solving. Esri went on to develop many of the
GIS mapping and spatial analysis methods now in use.

Source(s):
https://www.esri.com/en-us/what-is-gis/history-of-gis
History

1981
GIS Goes Commercial
ESRI improved its GIS tools to solve real-world
problems leading the company to innovate and develop
more tools and approaches. ESRI gained recognition
from the academic community as a new way of doing
spatial analysis and planning. In need of analyzing an
increasing number of projects more effectively, Esri
developed ARC/INFO—the first commercial GIS
product. The technology was released in 1981 and
began the evolution of Esri into a software.

Source(s):
https://www.esri.com/en-us/what-is-gis/history-of-gis
 History
GIS Today

"GIS gives people the ability to create their

own digital map layers to help solve real-
world problems. GIS has also evolved into a
means for data sharing and collaboration,
inspiring a vision that is now rapidly
becoming a reality—a continuous,
overlapping, and interoperable GIS database
of the world, about virtually all subjects.
Today, hundreds of thousands of
organizations are sharing their work and
creating billions of maps every day to tell
stories and reveal patterns, trends, and
relationships about everything."
Source(s):
https://esri-mktg-webnode-prd.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/
~ESRI
 History

GIS Today

"GIS gives people the ability to create their

own digital map layers to help solve real-
world problems. GIS has also evolved into a
means for data sharing and collaboration,
inspiring a vision that is now rapidly
becoming a reality—a continuous,
overlapping, and interoperable GIS database
of the world, about virtually all subjects.
Today, hundreds of thousands of
organizations are sharing their work and
creating billions of maps every day to tell
stories and reveal patterns, trends, and
relationships about everything."

Source(s): ~ESRI
https://esri-mktg-webnode-prd.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/
 GEOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION SYSTEM
Applications
Applications of GIS

GEODESY &
GEOGRAPHY

ENGINEERING &
CONSTRUCTION

DISASTER RISK
REDUCTION MGT.

ENVIRONMENTAL
PLANNING & HEALTH

AGRICUTLTURE &
METEOROLOGY
Applications of GIS
Applications of GIS
 GEOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION SYSTEM
Concepts & Terminologies
Concepts

ACCURACY PRECISION

Accuracy is the closeness of results Precision is the degree of exactness

of observations, computations, or with which quantity is stated.
estimations of spatial features to their
true value of position.
Concepts

COORDINATE SYSTEM
 Concepts

PROJECTION DATUM

Mathematical model that transforms the location of features A set of parameters and control points used to
on the Earths surface to locations in 2-Dimensional surface. accurately define the three-dimensional shape of the
Some projection preserves shape; others accuracy of area, Earth (e.g., as a spheroid). The datum is the basis for
distance, or direction. a planar coordinate system.
Concepts

DATUM
Concepts
PROJECTION
Concepts

BASEMAP
 Concepts

SPATIAL DATA NON-SPATIAL DATA

lnformation that identifies the geographic location and

characteristics of natural or constructed features and
boundaries on the earth.
 Concepts

VECTOR RASTER

Data type comprised of x-y coordinate representations of locations A cellular data structure composed of rows and columns
on the earth that take the form of single points, strings of points for storing images. Each unit in the grid is assigned a value
(lines or arcs) or closed lines (polygons) known as features. Each associating it with the corresponding attribute data.
feature has an associated attribute code for identification.
 Concepts

FEATURE FIELD

In a GIS, a physical object or location of an event.

Features can be points (a tree or a traffic accident), lines In a database, another term for
(a road or river), or areas (a forest or a parking lot). column.
 Concepts

DIGITIZING GEOTAGGING

The process of using a digitizer to encode the locations of geographic Geotagging is the process of appending geographic coordinates to
features by converting their map positions to a series of x,y media based on the location of a mobile device. Geotags can be
coordinates stored in computer files. Pushing a digitizer button applied to photos, videos, websites, text messages, and QR codes,
records an x,y coordinate. A digitized line is created by recording a and could also include time stamps or other contextual information.
series of x,y coordinates.
Concepts

DIGITIZING DELINEATION

describe or portray (something) precisely or indicate

the exact position of (a border or boundary).
All For Now

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