The document discusses child abuse in Pakistan, including definitions of different types of abuse, statistics on reported cases of abuse in Pakistan from 2007 to 2018, characteristics of different types of abuse such as physical, sexual and emotional abuse, risk factors for abuse, symptoms of abuse, and the role of nurses in preventing and responding to abuse.
The document discusses child abuse in Pakistan, including definitions of different types of abuse, statistics on reported cases of abuse in Pakistan from 2007 to 2018, characteristics of different types of abuse such as physical, sexual and emotional abuse, risk factors for abuse, symptoms of abuse, and the role of nurses in preventing and responding to abuse.
The document discusses child abuse in Pakistan, including definitions of different types of abuse, statistics on reported cases of abuse in Pakistan from 2007 to 2018, characteristics of different types of abuse such as physical, sexual and emotional abuse, risk factors for abuse, symptoms of abuse, and the role of nurses in preventing and responding to abuse.
The document discusses child abuse in Pakistan, including definitions of different types of abuse, statistics on reported cases of abuse in Pakistan from 2007 to 2018, characteristics of different types of abuse such as physical, sexual and emotional abuse, risk factors for abuse, symptoms of abuse, and the role of nurses in preventing and responding to abuse.
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Child Abuse
Definition
The physical or mental injury, sexual abuse
or exploitation, negligent treatment, or maltreatment of a child under the age of 18 by a person who is responsible for the child’s welfare under circumstances which indicate that the child’s health or welfare is harmed or threatened.
Child Welfare Act
Definition 2
“Any behavior directed toward a child
that endangers or impairs a child’s physical or emotional health and development” Child abuse in Pakistani context • In Pakistan due to a weaker and restrictive media set up, the lack of accurate reporting and resources, it is hard to verify how many such cases occurred in the pre- internet days. • There might have been several child abuse cases occurring in different parts of the country. Cont…… • According to a report from Sahil, an NGO working for a safe environment for children and tackling child abuse there were: • About 2,321 cases of child abuse in 2007 • 1838 in 2008 • 2012 in 2009 • 2252 in 2010 and • 2303 in 2011 Cont…… • Sahil also publishes an annual report which is referred to as 'Cruel Numbers' indicating how many cases of child abuse have occurred in the country.
• In 2017, as per the report about 3445
cases were reported and the 2018 edition of the report indicated an alarming increase in child abuse cases. cont…
• The scenario of Pakistan regarding child abuse in 2018
was quite alarming. Compared to 2017, child sexual abuse cases increased from 9 cases per day to 12 cases per day. • As per the Cruel Numbers report compiled by Sahil, 2232 cases were reported from the four provinces as well as Islamabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit Baltistan. • According to the data 56% victims were girls and 44% were boys. Cont…..
According to Sahil’s Cruel Numbers 2018
report, statistics indicate that: • 65% cases were in Punjab • 25% in Sindh • 3% in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) • 2% in Balochistan and • 21 cases in Azad Jammu and Kashmir Types of Child Abuse • Physical abuse • Sexual abuse • Emotional abuse • Neglect Physical Abuse • Physical abuse is any non-accidental injury to a child under the age of 18 by a parent or caretaker. • These injuries may include beatings, shaking, burns, human bites, strangulation, or immersion in scalding water or others, with resulting bruises and welts, fractures, scars, burns, internal injuries or any other injuries. Cont…
• The term ‘‘battered child syndrome’’ was coined
to characterize the clinical manifestations of serious physical abuse in young children.
• This term is generally applied to children
showing repeated and devastating injury to the skin, skeletal system or nervous system. It includes children with multiple fractures of different ages, head trauma and severe visceral trauma, with evidence of repeated infliction. Cont.. • Another form is the “The shaken infant”. Shaking is a prevalent form of abuse seen in very young children (less than 1 year). Most perpetrators of such abuse are males. • Intracranial haemorrhages, retinal haemorrhages and fractures of the child’s extremities can result from very rapid shaking of an infant. Corporal Punishment
Corporal punishment of children --- in the
form of hitting, punching, kicking or beating --- is socially and legally accepted in most countries.
In many countries, it is a significant
phenomenon in schools and other institutions and in penal systems (punishing system) for young offenders. PSYCHOLOGICAL MALTREATMENT
Psychological Neglect - The consistent
failure of a parent or caretaker to provide a child with appropriate support, attention, and affection.
Psychological Abuse - A chronic pattern of
behaviors such as belittling (criticizing), humiliating, and ridiculing (laughter) a child. Emotional Abuse • Emotional abuse includes the failure of a caregiver to provide an appropriate and supportive environment, and includes acts that have an adverse effect on the emotional health and development of a child.
• Such acts include restricting a child’s
movements, denigration, ridicule, threats and intimidation, discrimination, rejection and other nonphysical forms of hostile treatment. Neglect • Neglect refers to the failure of a parent to provide for the development of the child – where the parent is in a position to do so – in one or more of the following areas: health, education, emotional development, nutrition, shelter and safe living conditions.
• Neglect is thus distinguished from circumstances
of poverty in that neglect can occur only in cases where reasonable resources are available to the family or caregiver. Cont…... • The difference between abuse and neglect is that abuse represents an action against a child while neglect represents a lack of action for the child. CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE
Child sexual abuse is the exploitation of a child
for the sexual gratification of another person. Symptoms of abuse
• Unusual sexual behavior or knowledge
• Eating and/or sleeping pattern changes • Change in school performance and relationships with peers • Inappropriate touching of others • Compulsive behaviors • substance Abuse • Suicidal thoughts and/or depression • Chronic somatic problems such as stomach aches, vomiting, or headaches. • Affectionless or overly affectionate Cont… • Aggressive behaviors at school or toward siblings, possessions, or pets • Withdrawn or social isolated • Clinging – a need for reassurance • Verbally abusive • Angry, hateful, negative attitude • May hurt themselves; self destructive activities • Age regression or infantile behavior Three Major Components of Child Abuse
Child + Care Giver + Stress = Child Abuse Who are at Risk
-Abuse most common in children < 1 yr. old
-Girls more frequently abused at older age vs. boys Common Features of Successful Child Abuse Prevention Programs • Strengthen family and community connections and support. • Treat parents as vital contributors to their children's growth and development. • Create opportunities for parents to feel empowered to act on their own behalf. • Respect the integrity of the family. • Establish links with community support systems. • Provide settings where parents and children can gather, interact, support and learn from each other. • Enhance coordination and integration of services needed by families. • Enhance community awareness of the importance of healthy parenting practices Nursing role in prevention of child abuse The role of a nurse in child abuse is vital. Nurses play a crucial part in: 1. Identification: Recognizing signs of abuse or neglect, such as injuries, behavioral changes, or poor hygiene. 2. Reporting: Notifying authorities and initiating investigations, adhering to mandatory reporting laws. 3. Assessment: Conducting thorough physical and emotional evaluations, documenting findings, and collaborating with healthcare teams. Cont…. 4. Support and care: Providing emotional support, comfort, and medical treatment to victims. 5. Advocacy: Acting as a voice for the child, ensuring their needs are addressed and rights protected. 6. Education: Teaching parents and caregivers about healthy parenting, boundaries, and child development. 7. Referral: Connecting families with resources, services, and support groups. Cont... • 9. Prevention: Participating in community initiatives, promoting awareness, and educating others about child abuse. • 10. Collaboration: Working with interdisciplinary teams, including social workers, law enforcement, and mental health professionals. Thank you