Chapter No 2: Writing

Writing skills

 Writing skills are an essential component of

education and practice. As a student, you will
be required to write various types of
documents, including research papers, care
plans, clinical narratives, and patient education
materials. Effective writing skills can help you
communicate your ideas clearly and concisely,
demonstrate your knowledge and understanding
of nursing concepts, and meet the expectations
of your instructors and clinical supervisors.
Steps / Techniques of
writing

Planning and outlining

Research and analysis

Clarity and conciseness

Editing and revision

Essential Features of Writing Skills:
 Grammar and Syntax: Understanding and using the rules of grammar and sentence
structure.

 Vocabulary: Knowing and using a variety of words to convey meaning and emotion.

 Clarity: The ability to express ideas in a clear and concise manner.

 Organization: Structuring ideas in a logical and cohesive way.

 Creativity: The ability to think imaginatively and express ideas in a unique and
engaging way.

 Critical Thinking: The ability to analyze, evaluate, and synthesize information to

form reasoned arguments and conclusions.
 1. Introduction
 Definition, Topic Sentence, describe an idea.

 2. Main Body
 Explanation, Supporting details, references, examples

 3. Conclusion
 Suggestions, recommendations, concluding remarks
What is a Paragraph?
 Paragraph is a series of sentences that are organized and coherent, and are all related
to a single topic is called Paragraph.

 Breaking the large sentence essay or topic into smaller pieces in a well-structured
form is known as Paragraph.

 The lines that should include in a paragraph should be of three to twelve sentences.

 It includes topic sentences, supporting sentences as well as concluding sentences

that refer to an overall structure, which is a group of sentences focusing on a single
topic.
 Paragraph writing is not just expressing your views about the topic in a group of
sentences. It is all about structuring ideas in a clear format to make the reader fall
in love with the topic and continue their studying till to an end of the topic. While
writing paragraphs about any topic, it’s more important to maintain the quality
and flow of the paragraph than word count. Paragraphs are often thought of as a
‘unit’ of thought.
Parts of a Paragraph
 The basic paragraph consists of three parts:

 topic sentence, supporting details, and a concluding sentence.

Topic Sentence:

 Often, the Topic sentence is the first sentence of a paragraph. Also, we can call an
introduction sentence of a paragraph. It states the main idea of each paragraph and
displays how the idea connects to the thesis or overall focus of the paper. All
consequent points presented in the paragraphs must support the topic sentence.
Supporting Details:

 Expert Opinion

 Facts and Statistics

 Personal Experiences

 Others’ Experiences

 Brief Stories

 Research Studies

 Your Own Analysis

 Interviews
Conclusion / Concluding Sentence:

 It is the end of the paragraph which is also known as final statement about the
topic. It ties all ideas given in the paragraph and emphasizes the main idea one last
time. In the concluding sentence, the writer usually restates their topic sentence or
summarizes the main points of the paragraph.
Types of Paragraph
 Narrative Paragraphs:

Narrative paragraphs are used to tell a story or describe a sequence of events. They often include
details about characters, setting, and plot. Narrative paragraphs are commonly used in creative
writing, such as short stories and novels, but can also be used in essays and other types of non-
fiction writing.

 Example: I woke up to the sound of birds chirping outside my window. It was a beautiful
day, and I was excited to spend it exploring the city. I got dressed and headed out, walking
down the busy streets and taking in the sights and sounds around me. As I turned a corner, I
saw a group of street performers putting on a show. I stopped to watch, and before I knew it,
I had spent the whole afternoon there. It was a magical experience, and I felt grateful to have
stumbled upon it.
 Descriptive Paragraphs:

Descriptive paragraphs are used to create a vivid picture in the reader's mind by describing a
person, place, or thing in detail. They use sensory language, such as sight, sound, smell,
taste, and touch, to help the reader visualize what is being described. Descriptive paragraphs
are commonly used in travel writing, creative writing, and literary analysis.

 Example: The sun was setting over the horizon, casting a warm glow across the sky.
The air was filled with the sweet smell of blooming flowers, and the sound of crickets
chirping in the distance. I sat on the front porch, taking in the serene beauty around me.
The leaves on the trees rustled softly in the breeze, and the sky slowly changed from
blue to orange and pink. It was a moment of peace and tranquility, and I felt grateful to
be alive to witness it.
 The key difference is that a narrative essay is designed to tell a complete story,
while a descriptive essay is meant to convey an intense description of a particular
place, object, or concept.

 A Narrative usually relates a story. A descriptive essay merely describes

something or someone. It does not have a story, but only a highly descriptive
account.
 Expository Paragraphs:

Expository paragraphs are used to explain or inform the reader about a topic or idea. They

present facts, statistics, and other evidence to support the writer's point of view. Expository

paragraphs are commonly used in academic writing, such as research papers and essays, but

can also be used in journalism and other forms of non-fiction writing.

 Example: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on the global economy.

Businesses of all sizes have been forced to adapt to the new normal, with many shifting

their operations online to continue serving customers. In addition, governments around

the world have implemented various stimulus measures to help mitigate the economic

fallout from the pandemic. Despite these efforts, many businesses continue to struggle,

and the long-term effects of the pandemic on the economy remain uncertain.
 Persuasive Paragraphs:

Persuasive paragraphs are used to convince the reader to adopt a particular viewpoint or
take a specific action. They present arguments, evidence, and reasoning to persuade the
reader to agree with the writer's position. Persuasive paragraphs are commonly used in
advertising, political speeches, and opinion editorials.

 Example: Eating a plant-based diet is not only better for your health, but it is also
better for the environment. By reducing your consumption of animal products, you
can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and conserve natural resources. In
addition, a plant-based diet can help lower your risk of chronic diseases such as heart
disease and diabetes. So why not make the switch today and start living a healthier,
more sustainable lifestyle?
 Compare and Contrast Paragraphs:

Compare and contrast paragraphs are used to analyze two or more things and highlight their
similarities and differences. They may use a point-by-point or block method to organize the
information. Compare and contrast paragraphs are commonly used in academic writing, such as
essays and research papers, but can also be used in journalism and other forms of non-fiction
writing.

 Example: High school and college are two very different experiences. In high school, students
are often given a structured curriculum and are required to attend class every day. In college,
students have more freedom to choose their classes and often have more flexibility in their
schedules. Additionally, college courses tend to be more challenging and require more
independent study than high school courses. While both high school and college are important
stepping stones in a student's academic journey, they offer very different experiences.
 Cause and Effect Paragraphs:

Cause and effect paragraphs are used to explain the relationship between two or more events or
phenomena. They identify the cause(s) of a particular outcome or the effect(s) of a particular
event. Cause and effect paragraphs are commonly used in academic writing, such as essays and
research papers, but can also be used in journalism and other forms of non-fiction writing.

 Example: The rise of social media has had a profound effect on the way we communicate
and interact with each other. On the one hand, social media has made it easier than ever to
connect with people from all over the world and share information and ideas. On the other
hand, social media has also been linked to increased rates of depression and anxiety, as
well as the spread of misinformation and fake news. As we continue to navigate the
complex world of social media, it is important to be aware of its potential benefits and
drawbacks.
 Argumentative Paragraph:

The paragraphs that present a thesis statement and support it with evidence, counterarguments, and
refutations. An argumentative paragraph is used when you are arguing for or against a CLAIM or when
you are trying to persuade someone to agree with you.

 Example: The use of cell phones in classrooms should be prohibited. While some argue that cell
phones can be used for educational purposes, such as looking up information or participating in
online discussions, the reality is that cell phones are more often a distraction than a tool for
learning. Studies have shown that students who use cell phones during class are more likely to have
lower grades and miss important information than those who do not. Additionally, cell phones can
be a source of disruption to other students and can contribute to a lack of focus in the classroom.
Therefore, in order to promote a productive and focused learning environment, schools should
prohibit the use of cell phones during class time."
Conclusion

 In conclusion, the types of paragraphs used in writing depend on the purpose and
goals of the writer. Each type of paragraph serves a unique function in conveying
information and ideas to the reader. By using a variety of paragraph types, writers
can create more engaging and effective written communication.
Expected Questions
 What do you mean by a paragraph?

 What is indentation in a paragraph?

 What are the techniques for prewriting of a persuasive paragraph?

 List the types of paragraph. Explain each with examples.

 How can a topic sentence be evaluated?

 What is the unity of a paragraph?

 Briefly explain the structure of paragraph and method to develop a good paragraph?

 Define Precis. Discuss its essentials.

 Discuss the qualities of a good precis.

 Define summary. Discuss essential characteristics while writing a good summary.

 State qualities of a good summary.