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An Over View of C Programming

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Raghu M E
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An Over View of C Programming

Uploaded by

Raghu M E
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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An Over View of C

programming
Raghu M E
Associate Professor
Department of CSE
Government Engineering College, Hassan
Contents

• Computer and its Components.


• Need for programming Languages.
• Types of programming Languages.
• An over View of C programming.
History
• 1950's
• Large devices, accessible to few people
• 1960's • 2000's
• Commercial usage emerges • Computers are even fast, laptop, super
• Operated by experts computers,….

• 1970's • Owned and used by …………


• Computers cheaper, smaller
• 1990's
• Computers fast, small, inexpensive, Owned and used by many people
Elements of a Computer System
Hardware
CPU
• The "brain" of the
• Keyboard
computer
• Disk drive
• Scanner
• Mouse

• Hard Disk
• Screen
• Disk Main Memory
• Printer
• CD-Rom/ DVD • Data and
• Plotter
instructions stored
• Tape Backup to, fetched from
Elements of a Computer System
Software

• Systems programs
• Control the computer
• Includes Operating System
• Applications programs
• Word processors
• Compilers
• Spreadsheets
• Data Bases
Need for Computer Languages

• For solution to problems.


• Which are solvable.
Must be:
• User friendly.
• Portable and flexible.
• Easy to understand.
• Must have syntax.
Types of Languages

• Machine Level –
Binary Data ( 0’s and 1’s )
• Assembly Level –
Instructions (Need translators)-LDA, ADD, etc..
• High Level –
English like Statements (Need translators)
Processing a High-Level Language Program

Fig: Conversion of high level language to machine level


Structured Programming
• Thoroughly understand the problem
• Determine
• the output desired
• the required input
• processing that will occur
• Divide the problem into sub-problems

• Other names for this process


• structured design
• top-down design
• stepwise refinement
• modular programming
C programming

• Currently, the most commonly-used language for embedded systems


• “High-level assembly”
• Very portable: compilers exist for virtually every processor
• Easy-to-understand compilation
• Produces efficient code
• Fairly concise
Cont.…

• Developed between 1969 and 1973 along with Unix


• Due mostly to Dennis Ritchie
• Designed for systems programming
• Operating systems
• Utility programs
• Compilers
• Filters
• Evolved from B, which evolved from BCPL
Cont.…

• Character set
• Keywords
• Data types
• Constants
• Identifiers
• Variables
• Strings
Cont.…

• Types of symbols
• Read/write statements
• Conditional / control statements
• Arrays
• Strings
• Functions
• Structures / Unions
• Pointers
• Files
• Memory allocation
Cont.…

C programme structure
/*documentation*/
main( )
{

Body
}
Cont.…

{
Declarations;

Statements;
}
Cont.…

#include <stdio.h> Preprocessor used to share


information among source
files
+ Cheaply implemented
void main()
+ Very flexible
{
printf(“Hello, world!\n”); Program mostly a collection of
} functions
“main” function special: the
entry point
I/O performed by a library
function: not included in the “void” qualifier indicates
language function does not return
anything
Pieces of C

• Types and Variables


• Definitions of data in memory
• Expressions
• Arithmetic, logical, and assignment operators in an infix notation
• Statements
• Sequences of conditional, iteration, and branching instructions
• Functions
• Groups of statements and variables invoked recursively
C Expression Classes
• arithmetic: + – * / %
• comparison: == != < <= > >=
• bitwise logical: & | ^ ~
• shifting: << >>
• lazy logical: && || !
• conditional: ? :
• assignment: = += -=
• increment/decrement: ++ --
• sequencing: ,
• pointer: * -> & []
Conditional statements

• If and its variants


• Switch
• goto
Control statements/ looping

• For - for(initialization; condition; increment/ decrement) { body }


• While – while(condition) { body}
• Do…….while – do { body} while (condition);

• Entry controlled
• Exit controlled
Arrays
• Array: sequence of identical objects in memory
• int a[10]; means space for ten integers
• By itself, a is the address of the first integer
• *a and a[0] mean the same thing
• The address of a is not stored in memory: the compiler inserts code to
compute it when it appears
Multidimensional Arrays

• Array declarations read right-to-left


• int a[10][3][2];
• “an array of ten arrays of three arrays of two ints”
• In memory
Functions
int gcd(int m, int n)
{
int r; #include<stdio.h>
while ( (r = m % n) != 0) { void main( )
m = n; {
n = r; High-level control-flow int n
} statement. Ultimately
returnEach
n; function becomes a conditional n=gcd( 5,10);
branch.
} returns a single
value, usually an Supports “structured printf(“%d”,n);
integer. Returned programming” }
through a specific
register by
convention.
Strings

• Char array - char str[20];


• String length, vowels and consonants count, substring,
conversion, copy, concatenation
• Built in function available
Eg:- strlen( ), strcnt( ), strcpy ( ), strcmp( ), strcat ( ) etc ….
Structure and Union

• Different data types in single name.


• struct tagname { } structure name;
• Union – memory is common.
Pointers
• Holds address of variable.
• Symbols: *, &
• int * p;
• Declaration and Initialization
• Can used with any data types.
• Memory allocation - dynamically
Files

• Collection of records.
• Binary and text files.
• File pointer.
• File open, close.
• Read, write, append modes.
Memory allocation

• Static and dynamic


• Dynamic
malloc ( )
calloc ( )
realloc ( )
free ( )
The Main Points

• Like a high-level assembly language


• Array-of-cells model of memory
• Very efficient code generation follows from close semantic
match
• Language lets you do just about everything
• Very easy to make mistakes
Thank you
Questions?

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